Appendix VII — Basic knowledge requirements for category L aircraft maintenance licence

Arithmetic

— Arithmetical terms and signs;

— Methods of multiplication and division;

— Fractions and decimals;

— Factors and multiples;

— Weights, measures and conversion factors;

— Ratio and proportion;

— Averages and percentages;

— Areas and volumes, squares, cubes.

Algebra

— Evaluating simple algebraic expressions: addition, subtraction, multiplication and division;

— Use of brackets;

— Simple algebraic fractions.

Geometry

— Simple geometrical constructions;

— Graphical representation: nature and uses of graphs.

Matter

— Nature of matter: the chemical elements;

— Chemical compounds;

— States: solid, liquid and gaseous;

— Changes between states.

Mechanics

— Forces, moments and couples, representation as vectors;

— Centre of gravity;

— Tension, compression, shear and torsion;

— Nature and properties of solids, fluids and gases.

Temperature

— Thermometers and temperature scales: Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin;

— Heat definition.

DC Circuits

— Ohm’s law, Kirchoff’s voltage and current laws;

— Significance of the internal resistance of a supply;

— Resistance/resistor;

— Resistor colour code, values and tolerances, preferred values, wattage ratings;

— Resistors in series and parallel.

International Standard Atmosphere (ISA), application to aerodynamics and aerostatics.

Aerodynamics

— Airflow around a body;

— Boundary layer, laminar and turbulent flow;

— Thrust, weight, aerodynamic resultant;

— Generation of lift and drag: angle of attack, polar curve, stall.

Aerostatics

Effect on envelopes, wind effect, altitude and temperature effects.

— The need to take human factors into account;

— Incidents attributable to human factors/human error;

— Murphy’s Law.

Vision, hearing, information processing, attention and perception, memory.

Responsibility, motivation, peer pressure, teamwork.

Fitness/health, stress, sleep, fatigue, alcohol, medication, drug abuse.

— Role of the European Commission, EASA and National Aviation Authorities (NAAs);

— Applicable parts of Part-M and Part-66.

— Approval of changes (repairs and modifications);

— Standard changes and standard repairs.

— Timber, plywood, adhesives, preservation, power line, properties, machining;

— Covering (covering materials, adhesives and finishes, natural and synthetic covering materials and adhesives);

— Paint, assembly and repair processes;

— Recognition of damages from overstressing of wooden/metal-tube and fabric structures;

— Deterioration of wood components and coverings;

— Crack test (optical procedure, e.g., magnifying glass) of metal components. Corrosion and preventive methods. Health and fire safety protections.

— Types of wood, stability, and machining properties;

— Steel and light alloy tubes and fittings, fracture inspections of welded seams;

— Plastics (overview, understanding of the properties);

— Paints and paint removal;

— Glues, adhesives;

— Covering materials and technologies (natural and synthetic polymers).

— Overstress of wood / metal-tubing and fabric structures;

— Load transfers;

— Fatigue strength and crack testing.

— Basic principles of FRP construction;

— Resins (Epoxy, polyester, phenolic resins, vinyl ester resins);

— Reinforcement materials glass, aramide and carbon fibres, features;

— Fillers;

— Supporting cores (balsa, honeycombs, foamed plastics);

— Constructions, load transfers (solid FRP shell, sandwiches);

— Identification of damage during overstressing of components;

— Procedure for FRP projects (according to Maintenance Organisation Manual) including storage conditions for material.

— Thermosetting plastics, thermoplastic polymers, catalysts;

— Understanding properties, machining technologies, detaching, bonding, welding;

— Resins for FRP: epoxy resins, polyester resins, vinyl ester resins, phenolic resins;

— Reinforcement materials;

— From elementary fibre to filaments (release agent, finish), weaving patterns;

— Properties of individual reinforcement materials (E-glass fibre, aramide fibre, carbon fibre);

— Problem with multiple-material systems, matrix;

— Adhesion/cohesion, various behaviours of fibre materials;

— Filling materials and pigments;

— Technical requirements for filling materials;

— Property change of the resin composition through the use of E-glass, micro balloon, aerosols, cotton, minerals, metal powder, organic substances;

— Paint assembly and repair technologies;

— Support materials;

— Honeycombs (paper, FRP, metal), balsa wood, Divinycell (Contizell), development trends.

— Solid shell;

— Sandwiches;

— Assembly of aerofoils, fuselages, control surfaces.

— Behaviour of FRP components in the event of overstressing;

— Identifying delaminations, loose bonds;

— Bending vibration frequency in aerofoils;

— Load transfer;

— Frictional connection and positive locking;

— Fatigue strength and corrosion of metal parts;

— Metal bonding, surface finishing of steel and aluminium components during bonding with FRP.

— Plaster molds, mold ceramics;

— GFK molds, Gel-coat, reinforcement materials, rigidity problems;

— Metal molds;

— Male and female molds.

— Metallic materials and semi-finished products, machining methods;

— Fatigue strength and crack test;

— Assembly of metal-construction components, riveted joints, adhesive joints;

— Identification of damage to overstressed components, effects of corrosion;

— Health and fire protection.

— Steel and its alloys;

— Light metals and their light alloys;

— Rivet materials;

— Plastics;

— Colours and paints;

— Metal adhesives;

— Types of corrosion;

— Covering materials and technologies (natural and synthetic).

— Overstressed metal airframes, levelling, measurement of symmetry;

— Load transfers;

— Fatigue strength and crack test;

— Identifying loose riveted joints.

— Skins;

— Frames;

— Stringers and longerons;

— Frame construction;

— Problems in multiple-material systems.

— Classifications of fits and clearances;

— Metric and imperial measuring systems;

— Oversize bolt.

— Cockpit controls: controls in cockpit, colour markings, knob shapes;

— Flight controls surfaces, flaps, air brakes surfaces, controls, hinges, bearings, brackets, push-pull rods, bell cranks, horns, pulleys, cables, chains, tubes, rollers, tracks, jack screws, surfaces, movements, lubrication, stabilisers, balancing of controls;

— Combination of controls: flap ailerons, flap air brakes;

— Trim systems.

— Landing gear: characteristics of landing gears and shock absorber strut, extension, brakes, drum, disks, wheel, tyre, retraction mechanism, electrical retraction, emergency;

— Wing to fuselage mounting points, empennage (fin and tail plane) to fuselage mounting points, control surface mounting points;

— Permissible maintenance measures;

— Towing: towing/lifting equipment/mechanism;

— Cabin: seats and safety harness, cabin arrangement, windshields, windows, placards, baggage compartment, cockpit controls, cabin air system, blower;

— Water ballast: water reservoirs, lines, valves, drains, vents, tests;

— Fuel system: tanks, lines, filters, vents, drains, filling, selector valve, pumps, indication, tests, bonding;

— Hydraulics: system layout, accumulators, pressure and power distribution, indication;

— Liquid and gas: hydraulic, other fluids, levels, reservoir, lines, valves, filter;

— Protections: firewalls, fire protection, lightning strike bonding, turnbuckles, locking devices, dischargers.

— Reliability of pins, rivets, screws;

— Control cables, turnbuckles;

— Quick-release couplings (L’Hotellier, SZD, Poland).

— Admissibility of locking methods, locking pins, spring steel pins, locking wire, stop nuts, paint;

— Quick-release couplings.

Weight and balance levelling

Rescue systems

— Pitot-static system, vacuum/dynamic system, hydrostatic test;

— Flight instruments: airspeed indicator, altimeter, vertical-speed indicator, connection and functioning, markings;

— Arrangement and display, panel, electrical wires;

— Gyroscopes, filters, indicating instruments; testing of function;

— Magnetic compass: installation and compass swing;

— Sailplanes: acoustic vertical-speed indicator, flight recorders, anticollision aid;

— Oxygen system.

— Flight instruments, mounting requirements (emergency landing conditions as per CS-22);

— Electric wiring, power sources, types of storage batteries, electrical parameters, electric generator, circuit breaker, energy balance, earth/ground, connectors, terminals, warnings, fuses, lamps, lightings, switches, voltmeters, ampere meters, electrical gauges.

Interface between power plant and airframe.

— Inspection;

— Replacement;

— Balancing.

— Propeller position control;

— Engine and/or propeller retraction system.

— Explanation of the concept of ‘noise level’;

— Noise certificate;

— Enhanced sound proofing;

— Possible reduction of sound emissions.

— Four-stroke spark ignition engine, air-cooled engine, fluid-cooled engine;

— Two-stroke engine;

— Rotary-piston engine;

— Efficiency and influencing factors (pressure–volume diagram, power curve);

— Noise control devices.

— Blade, spinner, backplate, accumulator pressure, hub;

— Operation of propellers;

— Variable-pitch propellers, ground and in-flight adjustable propellers, mechanically, electrically and hydraulically;

— Balancing (static, dynamic);

— Noise problems.

— Mechanical control devices;

— Electrical control devices;

— Tank displays;

— Functions, characteristics, typical errors and error indications.

— Material and machining of fuel and oil hoses;

— Control of life limit.

— Operation of magneto ignition;

— Control of maintenance limits;

— Operation of carburettors;

— Maintenance instructions on characteristic features;

— Electric fuel pumps;

— Operation of propeller controls;

— Electrically operated propeller control;

— Hydraulically operated propeller control.

— Constructions: coil ignition, magneto ignition, and thyristor ignition;

— Efficiency of the ignition and preheat system;

— Modules of the ignition and preheat system;

— Inspection and testing of a spark plug.

— Operation and assembly;

— Silencers and heater installations;

— Nacelles and cowlings;

— Inspection and test;

— CO emission test.

— Fuel characteristics;

— Labelling, environmentally friendly storage;

— Mineral and synthetic lubricating oils and their parameters: labelling and characteristics, application;

— Environmentally friendly storage and proper disposal of used oil.

— Manufacturer documents for the engine and propeller;

— Instructions for Continuing Airworthiness (ICA);

— Aircraft Flight Manuals (AFMs) and Aircraft Maintenance Manuals (AMMs);

— Time Between Overhaul (TBO);

— Airworthiness Directives (ADs), technical notes and service bulletins.

— Cylinder unit with valve;

— Carburettor;

— High-tension magneto;

— Differential-compression tester for cylinders;

— Overheated/damaged pistons;

— Spark plugs of engines that were operated differently.

— Work safety/accident prevention (handling of fuels and lubricants, start-up of engines);

— Rigging-engine control rods and Bowden cables;

— Setting of no-load speed;

— Checking and setting the ignition point;

— Operational test of magnetos;

— Checking the ignition system;

— Testing and cleaning of spark plugs;

— Performance of the engine tasks contained in an aeroplane 100-hour/annual inspection;

— Cylinder compression test;

— Static test and evaluation of the engine run;

— Documentation of maintenance work including replacement of components.

— Four-stroke reciprocating engine and control units;

— Energy losses;

— Ignition timing;

— Direct flow behaviour of control units;

— Wankel engine and control units;

— Two-stroke engine and control units;

— Scavenging;

— Scavenging blower;

— Idle range and power range.

— Ignition;

— Spark plugs;

— Ignition system;

— Combustion process;

— Normal combustion;

— Efficiency and medium pressure;

— Engine knock and octane rating;

— Combustion chamber shapes;

— Fuel/air mix in the carburettor;

— Carburettor principle, carburettor equation;

— Simple carburettor;

— Problems of the simple carburettor and their solutions;

— Carburettor models;

— Fuel/air mix during injection;

— Mechanically controlled injection;

— Electronically controlled injection;

— Continuous injection;

— Carburettor-injection comparison.

— Special flight instruments (injection engine);

— Interpretation of indications in a static test;

— Interpretation of indications in flight at various flight levels.

— Documentation, manufacturer documents, etc.;

— General maintenance instructions (hourly inspections);

— Functional tests;

— Ground test run;

— Test flight;

— Troubleshooting in the event of faults in the injection system and their correction.

Work safety and safety provisions for work on injection systems.

— Carburettor;

— Components of injection system;

— Aircraft with injection engine;

— Tool for work on injection systems.

— Energy system, accumulators, installation;

— Electrical motor;

— Heat, noise and vibration checks;

— Testing windings;

— Electrical wiring and control systems;

— Pylon, extension and retraction systems;

— Motor/propeller brake systems;

— Motor ventilation systems;

— Practical experience of 100-hour/annual inspections.

— Engine installation;

— Pylon, extension and retraction systems;

— Fire protection;

— Fuel systems including lubrication;

— Engine starting systems, gas assist;

— Engine damage assessment;

— Engine servicing;

— Engine removal / refit and test;

— Practical experience of conditional / run time / annual inspections;

— Conditional inspections.

— Assembly and individual parts;

— Envelopes;

— Envelope Materials;

— Envelope Systems;

— Conventional and special shapes;

— Fuel System;

— Burner, burner frame and burner support rods;

— Compressed-gas cylinders and compressed-gas hoses;

— Basket and alternative devices (seats);

— Rigging accessories;

— Maintenance and servicing tasks;

— Annual/100-hour inspection;

— Log Books;

— Aircraft Flight Manuals (AFMs) and Aircraft Maintenance Manuals (AMMs);

— Rigging and launch preparation (launch restraint);

— Launch.

Operating controls, maintenance and servicing jobs (according to flight manual).

— Fabrics;

— Seams;

— Load tapes, rip stoppers;

— Crown rings;

— Parachute valve and fast-deflation systems;

— Ripping panel;

— Turning vent;

— Diaphragms/catenaries (special shapes and airships);

— Rollers, pulleys;

— Control and shroud lines;

— Knots;

— Temperature indication label, temperature flag, envelope thermometer;

— Flying wires;

— Fittings, karabiners.

— Burner coils;

— Blast, liquid and pilot valves;

— Burners/jets;

— Pilot lights/vaporisers/jets;

— Burner frame;

— Fuel lines/hoses;

— Fuel cylinders, valves and fittings.

— Types of baskets (incl. alternative devices);

— Basket materials: cane and willow, hide, wood, trim materials, suspension cables;

— Seats, roller bearings;

— Karabiner, shackle and pins;

— Burner support rods;

— Fuel cylinder straps;

— Accessories.

— Fire extinguisher, fire blanket;

— Instruments (single or combined).

— Stitching;

— Bonding;

— Basket hide/trim repairs.

— Assembly of individual parts;

— Envelope and netting material;

— Envelope, ripping panel, emergency opening, cords and belts;

— Rigid gas valve;

— Flexible gas valve (parachute);

— Netting;

— Load ring;

— Basket and accessories (including alternative devices);

— Electrostatic discharge paths;

— Mooring line and drag rope;

— Maintenance and servicing;

— Annual inspection;

— Flight papers;

— Aircraft Flight Manuals (AFMs) and Aircraft Maintenance Manuals (AMMs);

— Rigging and launch preparation;

— Launch.

— Operating controls;

— Maintenance and servicing jobs (according to AMM and AFM);

— Safety rules when using hydrogen as lifting gas.

— Fabrics;

— Poles and reinforcement of pole;

— Ripping panel and cord;

— Parachute and shroud lines;

— Valves and cords;

— Filler neck, Poeschel-ring and cords;

— Electrostatic discharge paths.

— Springs;

— Gaskets;

— Screwed joints;

— Control lines;

— Electrostatic discharge paths.

— Kinds of net and other lines;

— Mesh sizes and angles;

— Net ring;

— Knotting methods;

— Electrostatic discharge paths.

Load ring

— Kinds of baskets (incl. alternative devices);

— Strops and toggles;

— Ballast system (bags and supports);

— Electrostatic discharge paths.

Ripping cord and valve cords

Mooring line and drag rope

— Bonding;

— Splicing hemp ropes.

Instruments (single or combined).

— Kinds of cables;

— Acceptable damage of cable;

— Cable swivel;

— Cable clamps.

— Kinds of winches;

— Mechanical system;

— Electrical system;

— Emergency system;

— Grounding/ballasting of winch.

— Envelope, ballonnets;

— Valves, openings;

— Gondola;

— Propulsion;

— Aircraft Flight Manuals (AFMs) and Aircraft Maintenance Manuals (AMMs);

— Rigging and launch preparation.

— Operating controls;

— Maintenance and servicing jobs (according to AMM and AFM).

— Fabrics;

— Ripping panel and cords;

— Valves;

— Catenary system.

— Kinds of gondolas (incl. alternative devices);

— Airframe types and materials;

— Identification of damage.

— Basics about on-board electrical circuits;

— Electrical sources (accumulators, fixation, ventilation, corrosion);

— Lead, nickel-cadmium (NiCd) or other accumulators, dry batteries;

— Generators;

— Wiring, electrical connections;

— Fuses;

— External power source;

— Energy balance.

— Fuel system: tanks, lines, filters, vents, drains, filling, selector valve, pumps, indication, tests, bonding;

— Propulsion instruments;

— Basics about measuring and instruments;

— Revolution measuring;

— Pressure measuring;

— Temperature measuring;

— Available fuel/power measuring.

— Channel spacing;

— Basic functional test;

— Batteries;

— Testing and maintenance requirements.

— Basic operation;

— Typical portable configuration including antenna;

— Explanation of Modes A, C, S;

— Testing and maintenance requirements.