Appendix B – Theorical Knowledge Topics
Air Law
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Syllabus Reference |
Syllabus Details and Associated Learning Objectives |
GVC |
L1 A |
L1 R |
L2 A |
L2 R |
L3 A |
L3 R |
L4 A |
L4 R |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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LAW.SPEC.00.00 |
Air Law |
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LAW.SPEC.01.00 |
UK UAS Regulations |
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LAW.SPEC.01.01 |
Demonstrate an understanding of the UK Regulation (EU) 2019/947. |
X |
X |
X |
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LAW.SPEC.01.02 |
Demonstrate an understanding of the Acceptable Means of Compliance to UK Regulation (EU) 2019/947. |
X |
X |
X |
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LAW.SPEC.01.03 |
Demonstrate an understanding of other relevant CAA supporting documents and polices. |
X |
X |
X |
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LAW.SPEC.01.04 |
Describe the requirements of article 8 in relation to remote pilot competence. |
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X |
X |
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LAW.SPEC.01.05 |
State the privileges of each of the remote pilot competence certificates in the Specific category. |
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X |
X |
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LAW.SPEC.01.06 |
Describe the responsibilities of a remote pilot in accordance with UAS.SPEC.050. |
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X |
X |
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LAW.SPEC.01.07 |
Describe the responsibilities of a UAS operator in accordance with UAS.SPEC.060. |
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X |
X |
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LAW.SPEC.01.08 |
Explain key differences between these responsibilities. |
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X |
X |
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LAW.SPEC.02.00 |
UK National UAS Regulations - The Air Navigation Order |
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LAW.SPEC.02.01 |
Demonstrate awareness of the UK Air Navigation Order including residual articles relevant to UAS operations. |
X |
X |
X |
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LAW.SPEC.02.02 |
Describe the relationship between the ANO and UK Regulation (EU) 2019/947. |
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X |
X |
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LAW.SPEC.02.03 |
Describe how article 23 of the ANO limits the scope of the order in relation to UAS operations. |
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X |
X |
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LAW.SPEC.02.04 |
Describe the residual articles of the ANO that remain in scope of the order. |
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X |
X |
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LAW.SPEC.03.00 |
The issue of an Operational Authorisation |
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LAW.SPEC.03.01 |
Demonstrate an understanding of an Operational Authorisation (OA) and how it describes the privileges and conditions it sets out. |
X |
X |
X |
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LAW.SPEC.04.00 |
The Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago) — ICAO Doc 7300/9 |
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LAW.SPEC.04.01 |
Explain the circumstances that led to the establishment of the Convention on International Civil Aviation, Chicago, 7 December 1944. |
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X |
X |
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LAW.SPEC.05.00 |
The Standard European Rules of the Air (SERA) |
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LAW.SPEC.05.01 |
Reserved - Rights of Way. |
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X |
X |
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LAW.SPEC.06.00 |
Flightworthiness of UAS |
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LAW.SPEC.06.01 |
For use after the implementation of the UK SAIL mark for flightworthiness. |
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X |
X |
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Operational Procedures
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Syllabus Reference |
Syllabus details and associated Learning Objectives |
GVC |
L1 A |
L1 R |
L2 A |
L2 R |
L3 A |
L3 R |
L4 A |
L4 R |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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OPS.SPEC.00.00 |
Operational Procedures |
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OPS.SPEC.01.00 |
Visual Line of Sight Procedures |
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OPS.SPEC.01.01 |
Describe specific airspace classifications and types. |
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X |
X |
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OPS.SPEC.01.02 |
Describe the UK airspace reservations such as:
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X |
X |
X |
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OPS.SPEC.01.03 |
Demonstrate an understanding of official sources of information that support UAS operations. |
X |
X |
X |
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OPS.SPEC.01.04 |
Extract information from relevant aeronautical information sources. |
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X |
X |
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OPS.SPEC.01.05 |
Interpret information from aeronautical information sources for their applicability to UAS operations. |
X |
X |
X |
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OPS.SPEC.02.00 |
Beyond Visual Line of Sight Procedures |
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OPS.SPEC.02.01 |
Demonstrate an understanding of coordination procedures with air traffic control (ATC) for BVLOS flights. |
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x |
X |
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OPS.SPEC.03.00 |
BVLOS Flight Planning |
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OPS.SPEC.03.01 |
Describe the regulatory boundaries of BVLOS flight operations in terms of UK SORA (GRC, ARC, and Total SAIL). |
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x |
X |
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OPS.SPEC.04.00 |
BVLOS Route Selection |
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OPS.SPEC.04.01 |
Describe the process of route optimisation considering factors such as terrain, obstacles, and populated areas. |
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x |
x |
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OPS.SPEC.05.00 |
Waypoint Planning |
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OPS.SPEC.05.01 |
Describe the process to determine the position of waypoints along the chosen route. |
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x |
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OPS.SPEC.05.02 |
Explain the need for precision navigation, obstacle avoidance, and compliance with airspace restrictions. |
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x |
x |
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UA general knowledge
|
Syllabus Reference |
Syllabus details and associated Learning Objectives |
GVC |
L1A |
L1 R |
L2A |
L2R |
L3A |
L3R |
L4A |
L4R |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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AGK.SPEC.00.00 |
UA General Knowledge |
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AGK.SPEC.01.00 |
SAIL Certification |
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AGK.SPEC.01.01 |
Reserved for future. |
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AGK.SPEC.02.00 |
Stress, Strain and Loads |
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AGK.SPEC.02.01 |
Explain how stress and strain are always present in a UA structure both when parked and during manoeuvring. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.02.02 |
Describe the following types of loads that an unmanned aircraft may be subjected to, when they occur, and how a remote pilot may affect their magnitude:
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.02.03 |
Describe the areas typically prone to stress that should be given particular attention during a pre-flight inspection and highlight the limited visual cues of any deformation that may be evident. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.03.00 |
Fatigue and Corrosion |
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AGK.SPEC.03.01 |
Describe the effects of corrosion and how it can be visually identified by a remote pilot during the pre-flight inspection. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.03.02 |
Describe the operating environments where the risk of corrosion is increased and how to minimise the effects of the environmental factors. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.03.03 |
Explain fatigue, how it affects the useful life of an unmanned aircraft, and the effect of the following factors on the development of fatigue:
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.04.00 |
UA Maintenance |
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AGK.SPEC.04.01 |
Reserved for future. |
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AGK.SPEC.05.00 |
Airframe |
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AGK.SPEC.05.01 |
Describe the following attachment methods used for unmanned aircraft parts and components:
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.05.02 |
Explain how the development of a faulty attachment between unmanned aircraft parts or components can be detected by a remote pilot during the pre-flight inspection. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.06.00 |
Composite and Other Materials |
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AGK.SPEC.06.01 |
Explain the principle of a composite material, and give examples of typical non-metallic materials used on unmanned aircraft:
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.06.02 |
State the advantages and disadvantages of composite materials compared with metal alloys by considering the following:
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.06.03 |
State that several types of materials are used on unmanned aircraft and that they are chosen based on type of structure or component and the required/desired material properties. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.07.00 |
Aeroplane: Wings, Tail Surfaces, and Control Surfaces |
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AGK.SPEC.07.01 |
Describe the different types of UA design and explain their advantages and disadvantages. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.08.00 |
Structural Components |
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AGK.SPEC.08.01 |
Describe the function of a wing spar and other critical structural components. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.09.00 |
Loads, Stresses and Aeroelastic Vibrations (flutter) |
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AGK.SPEC.09.01 |
Describe the vertical and horizontal loads on the ground and during normal flight. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.10.00 |
Rotorcraft Structural Aspects of Fight Controls |
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AGK.SPEC.10.01 |
List the functions of flight controls. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.10.02 |
Explain why vertical and horizontal stabilisers may have different shapes and alignments. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.11.00 |
Structural Components, and Materials |
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AGK.SPEC.11.01 |
Describe the fatigue life and methods of checking for serviceability of the components and materials of flight and control surfaces. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.12.00 |
Loads, Stresses, and Aeroelastic Vibrations |
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AGK.SPEC.12.01 |
Describe the dangers and stresses regarding safety and serviceability in flight when the manufacturer’s design envelope is exceeded. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.12.02 |
Explain that blade tracking is important both to minimise vibration and to help ensure uniformity of flow through the disc. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.12.03 |
Describe the early indications and vibrations which are likely to be experienced when the main-rotor blades and tail rotor are out of balance or tracking, including the possible early indications due to possible fatigue and overload. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.12.04 |
Explain how a vibration harmonic can be set up in other components which can lead to their early failure. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.12.05 |
State the three planes of vibration measurement, i.e. vertical, lateral, fore and aft. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.13.00 |
Brakes |
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AGK.SPEC.13.01 |
Describe the basic operating principle of a disc brake. |
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x |
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AGK.SPEC.13.02 |
Explain the limitation of brake energy and describe the operational. consequences. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.13.03 |
Explain how brakes are actuated: hydraulically, electrically, or mechanically |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.13.04 |
Describe the function of a parking brake. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.14.00 |
Flight Controls |
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AGK.SPEC.14.01 |
Define a ‘primary flight control’ in the context of a UA. |
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x |
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AGK.SPEC.14.02 |
List the following primary flight control surfaces elevator, aileron, roll spoilers, flaperon and rudder. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.14.03 |
List the various means of control surface actuation. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.15.00 |
Rotorcraft Flight Controls |
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AGK.SPEC.15.01 |
Describe the following four axes of control operation, their operating principle, and their associated cockpit controls:
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x |
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AGK.SPEC.15.02 |
Describe the swash plate or azimuth star control system including the following: swash plate inputs the function of the non-rotating swash plate the function of the rotating swash plate how swash plate tilt is achieved swash plate pitch axis swash plate roll axis balancing of pitch/roll/collective inputs to the swash plate to equalise torsional loads on the blades |
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x |
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AGK.SPEC.15.03 |
Describe how flight control is achieved in multirotor UA. |
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x |
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AGK.SPEC.15.04 |
Describe how transition between vertical and horizontal flight is achieved in VTOL UA. |
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x |
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AGK.SPEC.16.00 |
Piston Engines |
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AGK.SPEC.16.01 |
State the types of fuel used by a piston engine and their associated limitations:
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x |
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AGK.SPEC.16.02 |
State the main characteristics of these fuels and give typical values regarding their flash points, freezing points and density. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.17.00 |
Design, Operation, System Components, Indications |
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AGK.SPEC.17.01 |
State the tasks of the fuel system. |
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x |
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AGK.SPEC.17.02 |
Name the following main components of a fuel system, and state their location and their function:
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x |
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AGK.SPEC.17.03 |
Describe a gravity fuel feed system and a pressure feed fuel system. |
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x |
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AGK.SPEC.17.04 |
Describe the construction of the different types of fuel tanks and state their advantages and disadvantages:
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x |
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AGK.SPEC.17.05 |
Define the term ‘unusable fuel’. |
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x |
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AGK.SPEC.17.06 |
List the following parameters that maybe monitored for the fuel system:
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x |
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AGK.SPEC.18.00 |
Turbine Engines |
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AGK.SPEC.18.01 |
State the types of fuel used by a gas turbine engine:
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x |
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AGK.SPEC.18.02 |
State the main characteristics of these fuels and give typical values regarding their flash points, freezing points and density. |
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AGK.SPEC.18.03 |
State the existence of additives for freezing. |
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x |
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AGK.SPEC.19.00 |
Design, operation, system components, indications |
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AGK.SPEC.19.01 |
Explain the function of the fuel system:
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x |
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AGK.SPEC.20.00 |
Electrics |
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AGK.SPEC.20.01 |
Explain static electricity and describe the flying conditions where unmanned aircraft are most susceptible to build-up of static electricity. |
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x |
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AGK.SPEC.20.02 |
Describe a static discharger and explain the following:
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x |
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AGK.SPEC.20.03 |
Explain why an unmanned aircraft must first be grounded before refuelling/defueling. |
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x |
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AGK.SPEC.20.04 |
Explain the reason for electrical bonding. |
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x |
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AGK.SPEC.21.00 |
Direct Current (DC) |
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AGK.SPEC.21.01 |
Explain the term direct current (DC), and state that current can only flow in a closed circuit. |
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x |
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AGK.SPEC.21.02 |
Explain the basic principles of conductivity and give examples of conductors, semiconductors, and insulators. |
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x |
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AGK.SPEC.21.03 |
Describe the difference in use of the following mechanical switches and explain the difference in observing their state (e.g. ON/OFF), and why some switches are guarded:
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x |
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AGK.SPEC.21.04 |
Define voltage and current and state their unit of measurement. |
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x |
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AGK.SPEC.21.05 |
Explain Ohm’s law in qualitative terms. |
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x |
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AGK.SPEC.21.06 |
Explain the effect on total resistance when resistors are connected in series or in parallel. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.21.07 |
State that resistances can have a positive or a negative temperature coefficient (PTC/NTC) and state their use. |
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x |
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AGK.SPEC.21.08 |
Define electrical power and state the unit of measurement. |
x |
x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.22.00 |
Alternating Current (AC) |
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AGK.SPEC.22.01 |
Explain the term ‘alternating current’ (AC) and compare its use to DC regarding complexity. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.22.02 |
Define the term ‘phase’, and explain the basic principle of single- phase and three-phase AC. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.22.03 |
State that unmanned aircraft can use single-phase or three-phase AC. |
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x |
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AGK.SPEC.22.04 |
Define frequency and state the unit of measurement. |
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x |
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AGK.SPEC.22.05 |
Define ‘phase shift’ in qualitative terms. |
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x |
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AGK.SPEC.23.00 |
Electromagnetism |
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AGK.SPEC.23.01 |
State that an electrical current produces a magnetic field. |
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x |
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AGK.SPEC.23.02 |
Describe how the strength of the magnetic field changes with the magnitude of the current. |
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x |
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AGK.SPEC.23.03 |
Explain the purpose and the working principle of a solenoid. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.23.04 |
Explain the purpose and the working principle of a relay. |
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AGK.SPEC.23.05 |
Explain the principle of electromagnetic induction and how two electrical components or systems may affect each other through this principle. |
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x |
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AGK.SPEC.24.00 |
Circuit Protection |
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AGK.SPEC.24.01 |
Explain the working principle of a fuse and a circuit breaker. |
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AGK.SPEC.24.02 |
Explain how a fuse is rated. |
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AGK.SPEC.24.03 |
Describe how circuit breakers may be used to reset unmanned aircraft systems/computers in the event of system failure. |
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AGK.SPEC.24.04 |
Explain a short circuit in practical terms using Ohm’s Law, power and energy expressions highlighting the risk of fire due to power transfer and extreme energy dissipation. |
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AGK.SPEC.24.05 |
Explain the risk of fire resulting from excessive heat in a circuit subjected to overcurrent. |
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AGK.SPEC.24.06 |
Explain that overcurrent situations may be transient. |
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AGK.SPEC.24.07 |
Explain the hazards of the use of incorrect fuse rating when replacing blown fuses. |
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AGK.SPEC.25.00 |
Semiconductors and Logic Circuits (Reserved) |
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AGK.SPEC.26.00 |
Batteries |
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AGK.SPEC.26.01 |
State the functions of an unmanned aircraft battery. |
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AGK.SPEC.26.02 |
Name the types of rechargeable batteries used in unmanned aircraft:
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AGK.SPEC.26.03 |
Compare the different battery types with respect to:
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AGK.SPEC.26.04 |
Explain the term ‘cell voltage’ and describe how a battery may consist of several cells that combined provide the desirable voltage and capacity. |
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AGK.SPEC.26.05 |
Explain the difference between battery voltage and charging voltage. |
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AGK.SPEC.26.06 |
Define the term ‘capacity of batteries’ and state the unit of measurement used. |
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AGK.SPEC.26.07 |
State the effect of temperature on battery capacity and performance. |
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AGK.SPEC.26.08 |
State that in the case of loss of all generated power (battery power only) the remaining electrical power is time limited. |
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AGK.SPEC.26.09 |
Describe how to contain a battery thermal runaway highlighting how one cell can affect the neighbouring cells. |
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AGK.SPEC.27.00 |
DC Generation |
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AGK.SPEC.27.01 |
Describe the basic working principle of a simple DC generator or DC alternator. |
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AGK.SPEC.27.02 |
Explain the principle of voltage control and why it is required. |
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AGK.SPEC.27.03 |
Describe the basic operating principle of a starter generator and state its purpose. |
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AGK.SPEC.28.00 |
DC Distribution |
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AGK.SPEC.28.01 |
Describe a simple DC electrical system of an unmanned aircraft. |
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AGK.SPEC.28.02 |
Give examples of DC consumers. |
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AGK.SPEC.29.00 |
Electrical Motors |
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AGK.SPEC.29.01 |
State that the purpose of an electrical motor is to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. |
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AGK.SPEC.29.02 |
Describe how electrical motors are rated for use in unmanned aircraft. |
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AGK.SPEC.29.03 |
State that because of the similarity in design, a generator and an electrical motor may be combined into a starter generator. |
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AGK.SPEC.30.00 |
Operating Principle |
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AGK.SPEC.30.01 |
Describe how the torque of an electrical motor is determined by the supplied voltage and current, and the resulting magnetic fields within the motor. |
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AGK.SPEC.31.00 |
Components |
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AGK.SPEC.31.01 |
Name the following components of an electrical motor: rotor (rotating part of an electrical motor); stator (stationary part of an electrical motor). |
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AGK.SPEC.32.00 |
Piston Engines |
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AGK.SPEC.32.01 |
Define the following terms and expressions:
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AGK.SPEC.33.00 |
Piston Engine: Design, Operation, Components |
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AGK.SPEC.33.01 |
Describe the basic operating principle of a piston engine:
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AGK.SPEC.33.02 |
Name and identify the various types of engine design with regard to cylinder arrangement and their advantages/disadvantages’ |
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AGK.SPEC.33.03 |
Describe the differences between petrol and diesel engines with respect to:
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AGK.SPEC.34.00 |
Fuel |
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AGK.SPEC.34.01 |
Name the type of fuel used for petrol engines including its colour (AVGAS);
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AGK.SPEC.34.02 |
Name the type of fuel normally used for aviation diesel engines (JET-A1). |
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AGK.SPEC.34.03 |
Define the term ‘octane rating’. |
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AGK.SPEC.34.04 |
Define the term ‘detonation’ and describe the causes and effects of detonation for both petrol and diesel engines. |
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AGK.SPEC.34.05 |
Define the term ‘pre-ignition’ and describe the causes and effects of pre-ignition for both petrol and diesel engines. |
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AGK.SPEC.34.06 |
Identify the conditions and power settings that promote detonation for petrol engines. |
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AGK.SPEC.34.07 |
Describe how detonation in petrol engines is recognised. |
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AGK.SPEC.34.08 |
Describe the method and occasions for checking the fuel for water content. |
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AGK.SPEC.34.09 |
State the typical value of fuel density for aviation gasoline and diesel fuel. |
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AGK.SPEC.34.10 |
Explain volatility, viscosity and vapour locking in petrol and diesel fuels. |
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AGK.SPEC.35.00 |
Engine Fuel Pumps |
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AGK.SPEC.35.01 |
Describe common fuel pumps used in unmanned aircraft. |
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AGK.SPEC.36.00 |
Carburettor/Injection System |
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AGK.SPEC.36.01 |
State the purpose of a carburettor. |
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AGK.SPEC.36.02 |
Explain the advantages and difference in operation of an injection system compared with a carburettor system. |
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AGK.SPEC.37.00 |
Icing |
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AGK.SPEC.37.01 |
Describe the causes and effects of carburettor icing. |
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AGK.SPEC.37.02 |
Name the meteorological conditions under which carburettor icing may occur. |
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AGK.SPEC.37.03 |
Describe the indications of the presence of carburettor icing for a rotorcraft. |
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AGK.SPEC.37.04 |
Describe the indications that will occur upon selection of carburettor heat depending on whether ice is present or not. |
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AGK.SPEC.37.05 |
Explain the reason for the use of alternate air on fuel injection systems and describe its operating principle. |
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AGK.SPEC.37.06 |
State the meteorological conditions under which induction system icing may occur. |
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AGK.SPEC.38.00 |
Cooling Systems |
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AGK.SPEC.38.01 |
Specify the reasons for cooling a piston engine. |
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AGK.SPEC.38.02 |
Describe the design features to enhance cylinder air cooling for aeroplanes. |
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AGK.SPEC.38.03 |
Describe the design features to enhance cylinder air cooling for rotorcraft. |
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AGK.SPEC.38.04 |
Compare the differences between liquid- and air-cooling systems. |
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AGK.SPEC.39.00 |
Lubrication Systems |
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AGK.SPEC.39.01 |
Describe the term ‘viscosity’ including the effect of temperature. |
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AGK.SPEC.39.02 |
Describe the viscosity grade numbering system used in aviation. |
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AGK.SPEC.39.03 |
Design, operation, indications, and warnings. |
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AGK.SPEC.39.04 |
State the functions of a piston-engine lubrication system. |
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AGK.SPEC.39.05 |
Describe the working principle of a dry-sump lubrication system and describe the functions of the following components:
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AGK.SPEC.39.06 |
Describe a wet-sump lubrication system. |
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AGK.SPEC.39.07 |
State the differences between a wet- and a dry-sump lubrication system and their advantages and disadvantages. |
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AGK.SPEC.39.08 |
List the following factors that influence oil consumption:
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AGK.SPEC.39.09 |
Describe the interaction between oil pressure, oil temperature and oil quantity. |
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AGK.SPEC.40.00 |
Ignition Circuits |
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AGK.SPEC.40.01 |
Describe the working principle of a magneto-ignition system and the functions of the following components:
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AGK.SPEC.40.02 |
State why piston engines maybe equipped with two electrically independent ignition systems. |
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AGK.SPEC.40.03 |
Explain how combustion is initiated in diesel engines. |
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x |
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AGK.SPEC.41.00 |
Fuel and Air Mixture |
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AGK.SPEC.41.01 |
Define the term mixture. |
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AGK.SPEC.41.02 |
State the typical fuel-to-air ratio values or range of values for the above mixtures. |
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AGK.SPEC.41.03 |
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of weak and rich mixtures. |
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AGK.SPEC.41.04 |
Describe the relation between engine-specific fuel consumption and mixture ratio. |
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AGK.SPEC.42.00 |
Aeroplane: Propellers |
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AGK.SPEC.42.01 |
Describe the operating principle of a fixed pitch propeller system |
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AGK.SPEC.43.00 |
Performance and Engine Handling |
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AGK.SPEC.43.01 |
Describe the effect on power output of a petrol and diesel engine taking into consideration the following parameters:
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AGK.SPEC.44.00 |
Engine Handling |
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AGK.SPEC.44.01 |
Define the following terms:
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AGK.SPEC.44.02 |
Describe the start problems associated with extreme cold weather. |
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AGK.SPEC.45.00 |
Turbine Engines |
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AGK.SPEC.45.01 |
Describe how thrust is produced by a basic gas turbine engine. |
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AGK.SPEC.45.02 |
Describe how thrust is produced by a basic electric ducted fan (EDF) engine. |
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AGK.SPEC.45.03 |
Describe the simple form of the thrust formula for a basic, straight jet engine and perform simple calculations (including pressure thrust). |
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AGK.SPEC.46.00 |
Design, Types and Components of Turbine Engines |
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AGK.SPEC.46.01 |
List the main components of a basic gas turbine engine:
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AGK.SPEC.46.02 |
List the different types of gas turbine engines:
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AGK.SPEC.46.03 |
State that a gas turbine engine can have one or more spools. |
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AGK.SPEC.46.04 |
Describe how thrust is produced by turbojet engines. |
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AGK.SPEC.46.05 |
Describe how power is produced by turboprop engines. |
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AGK.SPEC.47.00 |
Aeroplane: Air Intake |
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AGK.SPEC.47.01 |
State the functions of the engine air inlet/air intake. |
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AGK.SPEC.47.02 |
Describe the reasons for, and the dangers of, the following operational problems concerning the engine air inlet:
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AGK.SPEC.48.00 |
Compressor and Diffuser |
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AGK.SPEC.48.01 |
State the purpose of the compressor. |
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AGK.SPEC.48.02 |
Describe the working principle of a centrifugal and an axial flow compressor. |
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AGK.SPEC.48.03 |
Name the following main components of a single stage and describe their function for a centrifugal compressor: impeller diffuser |
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AGK.SPEC.48.04 |
Name the following main components of a single stage and describe their function for an axial compressor: rotor vanes stator vanes |
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AGK.SPEC.48.05 |
Describe the gas-parameter changes in a compressor stage. |
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AGK.SPEC.48.06 |
Define the term ‘pressure ratio’ and state a typical value for one stage of a centrifugal and an axial flow compressor and for the complete compressor. |
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AGK.SPEC.48.07 |
State the advantages and disadvantages of increasing the number of stages in a centrifugal compressor. |
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AGK.SPEC.48.08 |
Explain the difference in sensitivity for FOD of a centrifugal compressor compared with an axial flow type. |
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AGK.SPEC.48.09 |
Explain the convergent air annulus through an axial flow compressor. |
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AGK.SPEC.48.10 |
Describe the reason for twisting the compressor blades. |
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AGK.SPEC.48.11 |
State the tasks of inlet guide vanes (IGVs). |
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AGK.SPEC.48.12 |
State the advantages of increasing the number of spools. |
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AGK.SPEC.48.13 |
Explain the implications of tip losses and describe the design features to minimise the problem. |
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AGK.SPEC.48.14 |
Explain the problems of blade bending and flapping and describe the design features to minimise the problem. |
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AGK.SPEC.48.15 |
Explain the following terms: compressor stall engine surge |
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AGK.SPEC.48.16 |
State the conditions that are possible causes of stall and surge. |
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AGK.SPEC.48.17 |
Describe the indications of stall and surge. |
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x |
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AGK.SPEC.48.18 |
Describe the design features used to minimise the occurrence of stall and surge. |
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x |
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AGK.SPEC.48.19 |
Describe a compressor map (surge envelope) with rpm lines, stall limit, steady state line and acceleration line. |
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x |
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AGK.SPEC.48.20 |
Describe the function of the diffuser. |
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x |
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AGK.SPEC.49.00 |
Combustion Chamber |
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AGK.SPEC.49.01 |
Define the purpose of the combustion chamber. |
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x |
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AGK.SPEC.49.02 |
List the requirements for combustion. |
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x |
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AGK.SPEC.49.03 |
Describe the working principle of a combustion chamber. |
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AGK.SPEC.49.04 |
Explain the reason for reducing the airflow axial velocity at the combustion chamber inlet (snout). |
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x |
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AGK.SPEC.49.05 |
State the function of the swirl vanes (swirler). |
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x |
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AGK.SPEC.49.06 |
State the function of the drain valves. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.49.07 |
Define the terms ‘primary airflow’ and ‘secondary airflow’ and explain their purpose. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.49.08 |
Explain the following two mixture ratios:
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.49.09 |
Describe the gas-parameter changes in the combustion chamber. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.49.10 |
State a typical maximum value of the outlet temperature of the combustion chamber. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.49.11 |
Describe the following types of combustion chambers and state the differences between them:
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.50.00 |
Turbine |
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AGK.SPEC.50.01 |
Explain the purpose of a turbine in different types of gas turbine engines. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.50.02 |
Describe the principles of operation of impulse, reaction, and impulse-reaction axial flow turbines. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.50.03 |
Name the main components of a turbine stage and their function. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.50.04 |
Describe the working principle of a turbine. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.50.05 |
Describe the gas-parameter changes in a turbine stage. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.50.06 |
Describe the function and the working principle of active clearance control. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.50.07 |
Describe the implications of tip losses and the means to minimise them. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.50.08 |
Explain why the available engine thrust is limited by the turbine inlet temperature. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.50.09 |
Explain the divergent gas-flow annulus through an axial-flow turbine. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.50.10 |
Explain the high mechanical thermal stress in the turbine blades and wheels/discs. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.51.00 |
Aeroplane: Exhaust |
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AGK.SPEC.51.01 |
Name the following main components of the exhaust unit and their function:
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.51.02 |
Describe the working principle of the exhaust unit. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.51.03 |
Describe the gas-parameter changes in the exhaust unit. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.51.04 |
Define the term ‘choked exhaust nozzle’ (not applicable to turboprops). |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.51.05 |
Explain how jet exhaust noise can be reduced. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.52.00 |
Rotorcraft: Air Intake |
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AGK.SPEC.52.01 |
Name and explain the main task of the engine air intake. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.52.02 |
Describe the use of a convergent air-intake ducting on rotorcrafts. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.52.03 |
Describe the reasons for and the dangers of the following operational problems concerning engine air intake: airflow separations intake icing intake damage FOD |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.52.04 |
Describe the conditions and circumstances during ground operations when FOD is most likely to occur. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.52.05 |
Describe and explain the principles of air intake filter systems that can be fitted to some rotorcrafts for operations in icing and sand conditions. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.52.06 |
Describe the function of the heated pads on some rotorcraft air intakes. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.53.00 |
Rotorcraft: Exhaust |
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AGK.SPEC.53.01 |
Describe the working principle of the exhaust unit. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.53.02 |
Describe the gas-parameter changes in the exhaust unit. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.54.00 |
Additional Components and Systems |
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AGK.SPEC.54.01 |
Name the main components of the engine fuel system and state their function:
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.54.02 |
State the tasks of the fuel control unit. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.54.03 |
List the possible input parameters to a fuel control unit to achieve a given thrust/power setting. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.55.00 |
Engine control system |
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AGK.SPEC.55.01 |
State the tasks of the engine control system. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.56.00 |
Engine lubrication |
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AGK.SPEC.56.01 |
State the tasks of an engine lubrication system. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.56.02 |
Name the following main components of a lubrication system and state their function:
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.57.00 |
Engine Ignition |
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AGK.SPEC.57.01 |
State the task of the ignition system. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.57.02 |
Name the following main components of the ignition system and state their function. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.58.00 |
Engine Starter |
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AGK.SPEC.58.01 |
Name the main components of the starting system and state their function. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.58.02 |
Explain the principle of a turbine engine start. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.58.03 |
Define ‘self-sustaining rpm’. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.59.00 |
Rotorcraft specifics on design, operation and components for additional components and systems such as lubrication system, ignition circuit, starter, accessory gearbox |
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AGK.SPEC.59.01 |
State the task of the lubrication system. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.59.02 |
List and describe the common rotorcraft lubrication systems. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.59.03 |
Name the following main components of a rotorcraft lubrication system. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.60.00 |
Engine Operation and Monitoring |
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AGK.SPEC.60.01 |
Explain spool-up time. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.60.02 |
State the parameters that can be used for setting and monitoring the thrust/power. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.60.03 |
Explain how the exhaust gas temperature is used to monitor turbine stress. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.60.04 |
Describe the possible effects on engine components when EGT limits are exceeded. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.60.05 |
Explain why engine-limit exceedances must be reported. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.60.06 |
Explain the term ‘engine seizure’. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.60.07 |
State the possible causes of engine seizure and explain their preventative measures. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.60.08 |
Explain oil-filter clogging (blockage) and the implications for the lubrication system. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.60.09 |
Give examples of monitoring instruments of an engine. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.60.10 |
Describe how to identify and assess engine damage based on instrument indications. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.61.00 |
Relight Envelope |
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AGK.SPEC.61.01 |
Explain the relight envelope. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.62.00 |
Rotorcraft: Rotor-Heads |
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AGK.SPEC.62.01 |
Describe the following rotor-head system. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.62.02 |
Describe in basic terms the following configuration of rotor systems and their advantages and disadvantages.
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.62.03 |
Explain how flapping, dragging and feathering is achieved in each rotor-head system. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.63.00 |
Structural Components and Materials, Stresses, Structural Limitations |
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AGK.SPEC.63.01 |
Identify from a diagram the main structural components of the main types of rotor-head systems. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.64.00 |
Design and Construction |
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AGK.SPEC.64.01 |
Describe the material technology used in rotor-head design, including construction, using the following materials or mixture of materials:
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.65.00 |
Adjustment |
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AGK.SPEC.65.01 |
Describe and explain the methods of adjustment which are possible on various rotorcraft rotor-head assemblies. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.66.00 |
Tail Rotor Types |
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AGK.SPEC.66.01 |
Describe common tail-rotor systems used on UA. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.66.02 |
Identify from a diagram the main structural components of common tail-rotor systems used on UA. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.66.03 |
Explain pitch-input mechanisms. |
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AGK.SPEC.66.04 |
Explain the relationship between tail-rotor thrust and engine power. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.66.05 |
Describe how the vertical fin on some types reduces the power demand of the tail rotor. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.67.00 |
Design and Construction |
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AGK.SPEC.67.01 |
List and describe the various tail-rotor designs and construction methods used on rotorcrafts currently in service. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.68.00 |
Rotorcraft: Transmission |
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AGK.SPEC.68.01 |
Describe the following main principles of rotorcraft transmission systems used in UA. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.69.00 |
Rotor Brake |
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AGK.SPEC.69.01 |
Describe the main function of the disc type of rotor brake. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.69.02 |
Describe the different options for the location of the rotor brake. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.70.00 |
Driveshaft and Associated Installation |
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AGK.SPEC.70.01 |
Describe how power is transmitted from the engine to the main- rotor gearbox. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.70.02 |
Describe the material and construction of the driveshaft. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.70.03 |
Explain the need for alignment between the engine and the main- rotor gearbox. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.70.04 |
Identify how temporary misalignment occurs between driving and driven components. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.70.05 |
Explain the relationship between driveshaft speed and torque. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.70.06 |
Describe the methods with which power is delivered to the tail rotor. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.71.00 |
Intermediate and Tail Gearbox |
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AGK.SPEC.71.01 |
Explain and describe the various arrangements when the drive changes direction and the need for an intermediate or tail gearbox. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.72.00 |
Clutches |
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AGK.SPEC.72.01 |
Explain the purpose of a clutch. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.72.02 |
Describe and explain the operation of a:
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.72.03 |
List the typical components of the various clutches. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.73.00 |
Rotorcraft: Blades |
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AGK.SPEC.73.01 |
Describe the different types of blade construction and the need for torsional stiffness. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.73.02 |
Describe the fully articulated rotor with hinges and feathering hinges. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.74.00 |
Structural Components and Materials |
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AGK.SPEC.74.01 |
List the materials used in the construction of main-rotor blades. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.74.02 |
List the main structural components of a main-rotor blade and their function. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.74.03 |
Describe the drag hinge of the fully articulated rotor and the lag flexure in the hinge-less rotor. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.75.00 |
Forces and Stresses |
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AGK.SPEC.75.01 |
Describe main-rotor blade-loading on the ground and in flight. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.75.02 |
Describe where the most common stress areas are on rotor blades. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.76.00 |
Structural Limitations |
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AGK.SPEC.76.01 |
Explain the structural limitations in terms of bending and rotor rpm. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.77.00 |
Adjustment |
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AGK.SPEC.77.01 |
Explain the use of trim tabs. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.78.00 |
Tip Shape |
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AGK.SPEC.78.01 |
Describe the various blade-tip shapes used by different manufacturers and compare their advantages and disadvantages. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.79.00 |
Lateral Vibrations |
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AGK.SPEC.79.01 |
Explain blade imbalances, causes, and effects. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.80.00 |
Tail-Rotor Design and Blade Design |
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AGK.SPEC.80.01 |
Describe the most common design of tail-rotor blade construction. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.80.02 |
Describe the dangers to ground personnel and to the rotor blades, and how to minimise these dangers. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.81.00 |
Stresses, Vibrations and Balancing |
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AGK.SPEC.81.01 |
Describe the tail-rotor blade-loading on the ground and in flight. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.81.02 |
Explain the sources of vibration of the tail rotor and the resulting high frequencies. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.81.03 |
Explain balancing and tracking of the tail rotor. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.82.00 |
Structural Limitations |
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AGK.SPEC.82.01 |
Describe the structural limitations of the tail-rotor blades. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.82.02 |
Describe the method of checking the strike indicators placed on the tip of some tail-rotor blades. |
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x |
x |
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AGK.SPEC.83.00 |
Adjustment |
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AGK.SPEC.83.01 |
Describe the adjustment of yaw pedals in the cockpit to obtain full-control authority of the tail rotor. |
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x |
x |
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Human Performance and Limitations
|
Syllabus Reference |
Syllabus details and associated Learning Objectives |
GVC |
L1 A |
L1 R |
L2 A |
L2 R |
L3 A |
L3 R |
L4 A |
L4 R |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
HPL.SPEC.00.00 |
Human Performance and Limitations |
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HPL.SPEC.01.00 |
Human Factors: Basic Concepts |
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HPL.SPEC.01.01 |
State that competence is based on knowledge, skills and attitudes of the individual remote pilot. |
X |
X |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.02.00 |
Flight Safety Concepts |
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HPL.SPEC.02.01 |
Explain the three components of the TEM model. |
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x |
x |
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HPL.SPEC.02.02 |
Explain and give examples of latent threats. |
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x |
x |
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HPL.SPEC.02.03 |
Explain and give examples of environmental threats. |
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x |
x |
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HPL.SPEC.02.04 |
Explain and give examples of organisational threats. |
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x |
x |
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HPL.SPEC.02.05 |
Explain and give a definition of ‘error’ according to the TEM model of ICAO Doc 9683 (Part II, Chapter 2). |
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x |
x |
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HPL.SPEC.02.06 |
Give examples of different countermeasures which may be used to manage threats, errors, and undesired unmanned aircraft states. |
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x |
x |
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HPL.SPEC.02.07 |
Explain and give examples of procedural error, communication errors, and unmanned aircraft handling errors. |
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HPL.SPEC.02.08 |
Explain and give examples of ‘undesired unmanned aircraft states’. |
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HPL.SPEC.02.09 |
State the components of the SHELL model. |
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HPL.SPEC.02.10 |
State the relevance of the SHELL model to the work in the flightdeck |
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HPL.SPEC.03.00 |
Safety Culture and Safety Management |
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HPL.SPEC.03.01 |
Distinguish between ‘open cultures’ and ‘closed cultures’. |
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HPL.SPEC.03.02 |
Illustrate how safety culture is reflected in national culture. |
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HPL.SPEC.03.03 |
Discuss the established expression ‘safety first’ in a commercial entity. |
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HPL.SPEC.03.04 |
Explain James Reason’s ‘Swiss Cheese Model’. |
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HPL.SPEC.03.05 |
State the important factors that promote a good safety culture. |
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HPL.SPEC.03.06 |
Distinguish between ‘just culture’ and ‘non-punitive culture’. |
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HPL.SPEC.03.07 |
Name the five components which form safety culture (according to James Reason: informed culture, reporting culture, learning culture, just culture, flexible culture). |
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HPL.SPEC.03.08 |
Name the basic concepts of safety management system (SMS) (including hazard identification and risk management) and its relationship with safety culture.
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HPL.SPEC.04.00 |
The Sensory System |
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HPL.SPEC.04.01 |
List the different senses |
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HPL.SPEC.05.00 |
Central, Peripheral and Autonomic Nervous System |
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HPL.SPEC.05.01 |
Define the term ‘sensory threshold’. |
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HPL.SPEC.05.02 |
Define the term ‘sensitivity’, especially in the context of vision. |
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HPL.SPEC.05.03 |
Give examples of sensory adaptation. |
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HPL.SPEC.05.04 |
Define the term ‘habituation’ and state its implication for flight safety. |
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HPL.SPEC.06.00 |
Vision - Function |
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HPL.SPEC.06.01 |
Name the most important parts of the eye and the pathway to the visual cortex. |
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HPL.SPEC.06.02 |
State the basic functions of the parts of the eye. |
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HPL.SPEC.06.03 |
Define ‘accommodation’. |
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HPL.SPEC.06.04 |
Distinguish between the functions of the rod and cone cells. |
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HPL.SPEC.06.05 |
Describe the distribution of rod and cone cells in the retina and explain their relevance to vision. |
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HPL.SPEC.06.06 |
Explain the terms ‘visual acuity’, ‘visual field’, ‘central vision’, ‘peripheral vision’ and ‘the fovea’, and explain their function in the process of vision. |
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HPL.SPEC.06.07 |
List the factors that may degrade visual acuity and the importance of ‘lookout’. |
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HPL.SPEC.06.08 |
State the limitations of night vision and the different scanning techniques at both night and day |
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HPL.SPEC.06.09 |
State the time necessary for the eye to adapt both to bright light and the dark. |
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HPL.SPEC.06.10 |
Reserved. |
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HPL.SPEC.06.11 |
Explain the nature of colour blindness. |
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HPL.SPEC.06.12 |
Distinguish between monocular and binocular vision. |
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HPL.SPEC.06.13 |
Explain the basis of depth perception. |
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HPL.SPEC.06.14 |
List the possible monocular cues for depth perception. |
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HPL.SPEC.06.15 |
Explain long-sightedness, short-sightedness, and astigmatism. |
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HPL.SPEC.06.16 |
List the causes of and the precautions that may be taken to
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HPL.SPEC.06.17 |
State the possible problems associated with contact lenses. |
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HPL.SPEC.06.18 |
Explain the significance of the ‘blind spot’ on the retina in detecting other traffic in flight. |
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HPL.SPEC.07.00 |
Hearing |
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HPL.SPEC.07.01 |
Descriptive and functional anatomy. |
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HPL.SPEC.07.02 |
State the basic parts and functions of the outer, the middle and the inner ear. |
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HPL.SPEC.07.03 |
Differentiate between the functions of the vestibular apparatus and the cochlea in the inner ear. |
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HPL.SPEC.07.04 |
Define the main causes of the following hearing defects/loss: |
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HPL.SPEC.07.05 |
Summarise the effects of environmental noise on hearing. |
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HPL.SPEC.07.06 |
State the decibel level of received noise that will cause NIHL. |
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HPL.SPEC.07.07 |
Identify the potential occupational risks that may cause hearing loss. |
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HPL.SPEC.07.08 |
List the main sources of hearing loss in the unmanned flying environment. |
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HPL.SPEC.07.09 |
List the precautions that may be taken to reduce the probability of onset of hearing loss. |
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HPL.SPEC.08.00 |
Integration of Sensory Inputs |
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HPL.SPEC.08.01 |
Define the term ‘illusion’. |
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HPL.SPEC.08.02 |
Give examples of visual illusions based on shape constancy, size constancy, aerial perspective, atmospheric perspective, the absence of focal or ambient cues, autokinesis, vectional false horizons, field myopia, and surface planes. |
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HPL.SPEC.09.00 |
Body Rhythm and Sleep |
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HPL.SPEC.09.01 |
Name some internal body rhythms and their relevance to sleep. Explain that the most important of which is body temperature. |
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HPL.SPEC.09.02 |
Explain the term ‘circadian rhythm’. |
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HPL.SPEC.09.03 |
State the approximate duration of a ‘free-running’ rhythm. |
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HPL.SPEC.09.04 |
Explain the significance of the ‘internal clock’ in regulating the normal circadian rhythm. |
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HPL.SPEC.09.05 |
State the effect of the circadian rhythm of body temperature on an individual’s performance standard and on an individual’s sleep patterns. |
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HPL.SPEC.09.06 |
List and describe the stages of a sleep cycle. |
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HPL.SPEC.09.07 |
Differentiate between rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM sleep. |
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HPL.SPEC.09.08 |
Explain the function of sleep and describe the effects of insufficient sleep on performance. |
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HPL.SPEC.09.09 |
Explain the simple calculations for the sleep/wake credit/debit situation. |
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HPL.SPEC.09.10 |
Explain how sleep debit can become cumulative. |
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HPL.SPEC.09.11 |
Describe the main effects of lack of sleep on an individual’s performance. |
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HPL.SPEC.10.00 |
Intoxication |
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HPL.SPEC.10.01 |
State the harmful effects of tobacco on: — the respiratory system — the cardiovascular system |
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HPL.SPEC.10.02 |
Indicate the level of caffeine dosage at which performance is degraded. |
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HPL.SPEC.10.03 |
Besides coffee, indicate other beverages containing caffeine. |
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HPL.SPEC.10.04 |
State the maximum acceptable limit of alcohol for flight crew according to the applicable regulations. |
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HPL.SPEC.10.05 |
State the effects of alcohol consumption on: |
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HPL.SPEC.10.06 |
State the effects alcohol may have if consumed together with other drugs. |
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HPL.SPEC.10.07 |
List the signs and symptoms of alcoholism. |
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HPL.SPEC.10.08 |
List the factors that may be associated with the development of alcoholism. |
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HPL.SPEC.10.09 |
Define the ‘unit’ of alcohol and state the approximate elimination rate from the blood. |
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HPL.SPEC.10.10 |
State the maximum daily and weekly intake of units of alcohol which may be consumed without causing damage to the organs and systems of the human body. |
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HPL.SPEC.10.11 |
Discuss the actions that might be taken if a crew member is suspected of being an alcoholic. |
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HPL.SPEC.10.12 |
State the dangers associated with the use of non-prescription drugs. |
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HPL.SPEC.10.13 |
State the side effects of common non-prescription drugs used to treat colds, flu, hay fever and other allergies, especially medicines containing antihistamine preparations. |
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HPL.SPEC.10.14 |
Interpret the rules relevant to using (prescription or non-prescription) drugs that the remote pilot has not used before. |
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HPL.SPEC.10.15 |
Interpret the general rule that ‘if a remote pilot is so unwell that they require any medication, then they should consider themselves unfit to fly’. |
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HPL.SPEC.10.16 |
List those materials present in an unmanned aircraft which may, when uncontained, cause severe health problems. |
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HPL.SPEC.10.17 |
List those unmanned aircraft component parts which if burnt may give off toxic fumes. |
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HPL.SPEC.11.00 |
Incapacitation |
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HPL.SPEC.11.01 |
State that incapacitation is most dangerous when its onset is insidious. |
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HPL.SPEC.11.02 |
List the major causes of remote pilot incapacitation. |
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HPL.SPEC.11.03 |
State the importance of crew to be able to recognise and promptly react upon incapacitation of other crew members, should it occur in flight. |
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HPL.SPEC.11.04 |
Explain methods and procedures to cope with incapacitation in flight. |
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HPL.SPEC.12.00 |
Human Information Processing (HIP) |
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HPL.SPEC.12.01 |
Differentiate between ‘attention’ and ‘vigilance’. |
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HPL.SPEC.12.02 |
Differentiate between ‘selective’ and ‘divided’ attention. |
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HPL.SPEC.12.03 |
Define ‘hypovigilance’. |
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HPL.SPEC.12.04 |
Identify the factors that may affect the state of vigilance. |
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HPL.SPEC.12.05 |
List the factors that may forestall hypovigilance during flight. |
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HPL.SPEC.12.06 |
Indicate the signs of reduced vigilance. |
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HPL.SPEC.12.07 |
List the factors that affect a person’s level of attention. |
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HPL.SPEC.13.00 |
Perception |
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HPL.SPEC.13.01 |
Name the basis of the perceptual process. |
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HPL.SPEC.13.02 |
Describe the mechanism of perception (‘bottom-up’/‘top-down’ process). |
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HPL.SPEC.13.03 |
Illustrate why perception is subjective and state the relevant factors that influence interpretation of perceived information |
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HPL.SPEC.13.04 |
Describe some basic perceptual illusions. |
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HPL.SPEC.13.05 |
Illustrate some basic perceptual concepts. |
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HPL.SPEC.13.06 |
Give examples where perception plays a decisive role in flight safety. |
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HPL.SPEC.13.07 |
Stress how persuasive and believable mistaken perception can manifest itself both for an individual and a group. |
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HPL.SPEC.14.00 |
Memory |
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HPL.SPEC.14.01 |
Explain the link between the types of memory (to include sensory, working/short-term and long-term memory). |
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HPL.SPEC.14.02 |
Describe the differences between the types of memory in terms of capacity and retention time. |
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HPL.SPEC.14.03 |
Justify the importance of sensory-store memories in processing information. |
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HPL.SPEC.14.04 |
State the average maximum number of separate items that may be held in working memory (5 ± 2). |
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HPL.SPEC.14.05 |
Stress how interruption can affect short-term/working memory. |
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HPL.SPEC.14.06 |
Give examples of items that are important for pilots to hold in working memory during flight. |
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HPL.SPEC.14.07 |
Describe how the capacity of the working-memory store may be increased. |
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HPL.SPEC.14.08 |
State the subdivisions of long-term memory and give examples of their content. |
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HPL.SPEC.14.09 |
Explain that skills are kept primarily in the long-term memory. |
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HPL.SPEC.14.10 |
Describe amnesia and how it affects memory. |
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HPL.SPEC.14.11 |
Name the common problems with both the long- and short-term memories and the best methods to try to counteract them. |
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X |
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HPL.SPEC.15.00 |
Learning Principles and Techniques |
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HPL.SPEC.15.01 |
Explain and distinguish between the following basic forms of |
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HPL.SPEC.15.02 |
Recognise pilot-related examples as behaviouristic, cognitive or modelling forms of learning. |
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HPL.SPEC.15.03 |
State the factors that are necessary for and promote the quality of learning: |
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HPL.SPEC.15.04 |
Explain ways to facilitate the memorisation of information with the following learning techniques: |
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X |
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HPL.SPEC.15.05 |
Describe the advantage of planning and anticipation of future |
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HPL.SPEC.15.06 |
Explain the term ‘motor programme’ or ‘mental schema’. |
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X |
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HPL.SPEC.15.07 |
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of mental schemas. |
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HPL.SPEC.15.08 |
Explain the Rasmussen model which describes the guidance of a pilot’s behaviour in different situations. |
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X |
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HPL.SPEC.15.09 |
State the possible problems or risks associated with skill, rule and knowledge-based behaviour. |
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X |
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HPL.SPEC.15.10 |
Define ‘motivation’. |
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X |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.15.11 |
Explain the relationship between motivation and learning. |
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X |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.15.12 |
Explain the problems of over-motivation, especially in the context of the extreme need to achieve. |
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X |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.16.00 |
Human Error and Reliability |
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HPL.SPEC.16.01 |
Name and explain the factors that influence human reliability. |
X |
X |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.16.02 |
Define the term ‘situation awareness’. |
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X |
X |
R |
R |
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HPL.SPEC.16.03 |
List the cues that indicate loss of situation awareness and name the steps to regain it. |
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X |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.16.04 |
List the factors that influence one’s situation awareness both positively and negatively and stress the importance of situation awareness in the context of flight safety. |
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X |
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HPL.SPEC.16.05 |
Define the term ‘mental model’ in relation to a surrounding complex situation. |
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X |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.16.06 |
Describe the advantages/disadvantages of mental models. |
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X |
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HPL.SPEC.16.07 |
Explain the relationship between personal ‘mental models’ and the creation of cognitive illusions. |
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X |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.16.08 |
Explain the concept of the ‘error chain’. |
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HPL.SPEC.16.09 |
Differentiate between an isolated error and an error chain. |
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HPL.SPEC.16.10 |
Distinguish between the main forms/types of errors (i.e. slips, faults, omissions and violations). |
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HPL.SPEC.16.11 |
Discuss the above errors and their relevance in flight. |
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HPL.SPEC.16.12 |
Distinguish between an active and a latent error and give examples. |
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HPL.SPEC.16.13 |
Distinguish between internal and external factors in error generation. |
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HPL.SPEC.16.14 |
Identify possible sources of internal error generation. |
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HPL.SPEC.16.15 |
Define and discuss the two errors associated with motor programmes (action slip and environmental capture). |
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HPL.SPEC.16.16 |
List the three main sources of external error generation in the flight crew compartment. |
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HPL.SPEC.16.17 |
Give examples to illustrate the following factors in external |
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HPL.SPEC.16.18 |
Name the major goals in the design of human-centred human– machine interfaces. |
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HPL.SPEC.16.19 |
Define the term ‘error tolerance’. |
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HPL.SPEC.16.20 |
List and describe the strategies that are used to reduce human error. |
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X |
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HPL.SPEC.16.21 |
Describe the advantage of planning and the anticipation of future actions. |
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X |
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HPL.SPEC.17.00 |
Decision Making |
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HPL.SPEC.17.01 |
Define the terms ‘deciding’ and ‘decision-making’. |
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HPL.SPEC.17.02 |
Describe the major factors on which decision-making should be based during the course of a flight. |
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HPL.SPEC.17.03 |
Describe the main human attributes with regard to decision making. |
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X |
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HPL.SPEC.17.04 |
Discuss the nature of bias and its influence on the decision making process. |
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HPL.SPEC.17.05 |
Describe the main error sources and limits in an individual’s decision-making mechanism. |
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HPL.SPEC.17.06 |
State the factors upon which an individual’s risk assessment is based. |
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HPL.SPEC.17.07 |
Explain the relationship between risk assessment, commitment, and pressure of time in decision-making strategies. |
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HPL.SPEC.17.08 |
Explain the risks associated with dispersion or channelised attention during the application of procedures requiring a high workload within a short time frame (e.g. a go-around). |
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x |
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HPL.SPEC.17.09 |
Describe the positive and negative influences exerted by other group members on an individual’s decision-making process (risk shift). |
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HPL.SPEC.17.10 |
Explain the general idea behind the creation of a model for decision-making based upon: |
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HPL.SPEC.18.00 |
Avoiding and Managing Errors: Cockpit Management |
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Safety Awareness |
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HPL.SPEC.18.01 |
Justify the need for being aware of not only one’s own performance but that of others before and during a flight and the possible consequences or risks. |
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X |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.19.00 |
Coordination (Multi-Crew Concepts) |
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HPL.SPEC.19.01 |
Name the objectives of the multi-crew concept. |
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HPL.SPEC.19.02 |
State and explain the elements of multi-crew concepts. |
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HPL.SPEC.19.03 |
Describe the concepts of ‘standard operating procedures’ (SOPs), checklists and crew briefings. |
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X |
R |
R |
R |
R |
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HPL.SPEC.19.04 |
Describe the purpose of and procedure for crew briefings. |
x |
x |
x |
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HPL.SPEC.19.05 |
Describe the purpose of and procedure for checklists. |
x |
x |
x |
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HPL.SPEC.19.06 |
Describe the function of communication in a coordinated team. |
x |
x |
x |
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HPL.SPEC.19.07 |
Explain the advantages of SOPs. |
x |
x |
x |
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HPL.SPEC.19.08 |
Explain how SOPs contribute to avoiding, reducing and managing threats and errors. |
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HPL.SPEC.19.09 |
Explain potential threats of SOPs. |
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x |
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HPL.SPEC.20.00 |
Cooperation |
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HPL.SPEC.20.01 |
Distinguish between cooperation and coaction. |
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HPL.SPEC.20.02 |
Define the term ‘group’. |
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x |
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HPL.SPEC.20.03 |
Illustrate the influence of interdependence in a group. |
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x |
x |
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HPL.SPEC.20.04 |
List the advantages and disadvantages of teamwork. |
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x |
x |
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HPL.SPEC.20.05 |
Explain the term ‘synergy’. |
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x |
x |
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HPL.SPEC.20.06 |
Define the term ‘cohesion’. |
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x |
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HPL.SPEC.20.07 |
Define the term ‘groupthink’. |
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x |
x |
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HPL.SPEC.20.08 |
State the essential conditions for good teamwork. |
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x |
x |
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HPL.SPEC.20.09 |
Explain the function of role and norm in a group. |
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x |
x |
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HPL.SPEC.20.10 |
Name the different role patterns which occur in a group situation. |
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x |
x |
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HPL.SPEC.20.11 |
Explain how behaviour can be affected by the following factors: — persuasion |
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x |
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HPL.SPEC.20.12 |
Distinguish between status and role. |
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X |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.20.13 |
Stress the inherent dangers of a situation where there is a mix of role and status within the flight crew compartment. |
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X |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.20.14 |
Explain the terms ‘leadership’ and ‘followership’. |
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X |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.20.15 |
Describe the trans-flightdeck authority gradient and its affiliated leadership styles (i.e. autocratic, laissez-faire and synergistic). |
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X |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.20.16 |
Name the most important attributes of a positive leadership style. |
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X |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.21.00 |
Communication |
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HPL.SPEC.21.01 |
Define the term ‘communication’. |
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X |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.21.02 |
List the most basic components of interpersonal communication. |
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X |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.21.03 |
Explain the advantages of in-person two-way communication as opposed to one-way communication. |
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X |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.21.04 |
Name the importance of non-verbal communication. |
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X |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.21.05 |
Describe the general aspects of non-verbal communication. |
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X |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.21.06 |
Describe the advantages/disadvantages of implicit and explicit communication. |
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X |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.21.07 |
Describe the advantages and possible problems of using ‘social’ and ‘professional’ language in high- and low-workload situations. |
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X |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.21.08 |
Name and explain the major obstacles to effective communication. |
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X |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.21.09 |
Explain the difference between intrapersonal and interpersonal conflict. |
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X |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.21.10 |
Describe the escalation process in human conflict. |
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X |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.21.11 |
List the typical consequences of conflicts between crew members. |
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X |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.21.12 |
Explain the following terms as part of the communication practice with regard to preventing or resolving conflicts: — inquiry |
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X |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.21.13 |
Describe the limitations of communication in situations of high workload in the flight crew compartment in view of listening, verbal, non-verbal and visual effects. |
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X |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.22.00 |
Human Behaviour |
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HPL.SPEC.22.01 |
Personality, attitude, and behaviour. |
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HPL.SPEC.22.02 |
Describe the factors that determine an individual’s behaviour. |
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X |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.22.03 |
Define and distinguish between personality, attitude, and behaviour. |
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X |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.22.04 |
State the origin of personality and attitude. |
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x |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.22.05 |
State that with behaviour good and bad habits can be formed. |
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X |
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HPL.SPEC.22.06 |
Explain how behaviour is generally a product of personality, attitude and the environment to which one was exposed at significant moments (childhood, schooling and training). |
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x |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.22.07 |
State that personality differences and selfish attitude may have effects on flight crew performance. |
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x |
x |
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HPL.SPEC.23.00 |
Individual Differences in Personality and Motivation |
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HPL.SPEC.23.01 |
Describe the individual differences in personality by means of a common trait model (e.g. Eysenck’s personality factors). |
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x |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.24.00 |
Self-Concept |
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HPL.SPEC.24.01 |
Define the term ‘self-concept’ and the role it plays in any change of personality. |
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x |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.24.02 |
Explain how a self-concept of under confidence may lead to an outward show of aggression and self- assertiveness. |
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X |
x |
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HPL.SPEC.25.00 |
Self-Discipline |
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HPL.SPEC.25.01 |
Define ‘self-discipline’ and justify its importance for flight safety. |
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x |
x |
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HPL.SPEC.26.00 |
Identification of Hazardous Attitudes (error proneness) |
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HPL.SPEC.26.01 |
Explain dangerous attitudes in aviation: — negotiation |
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x |
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HPL.SPEC.26.02 |
Describe the personality, attitude, and behaviour patterns of an ideal crew member. |
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X |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.26.03 |
Summarise how a person’s attitude influences their work in an unmanned flightdeck |
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x |
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HPL.SPEC.27.00 |
Human Overload and Underload |
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Arousal |
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HPL.SPEC.27.01 |
Explain the term ‘arousal’. |
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x |
x |
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HPL.SPEC.27.02 |
Describe the relationship between arousal and performance. |
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x |
x |
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HPL.SPEC.27.03 |
Explain the circumstances under which underload may occur and its possible dangers. |
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x |
x |
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HPL.SPEC.28.00 |
Stress |
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HPL.SPEC.28.01 |
Explain the term ‘stress’ and why stress is a natural human reaction. |
x |
x |
x |
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HPL.SPEC.28.02 |
State that the physiological response to stress is generated by the ‘fight or flight’ response. |
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X |
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HPL.SPEC.28.03 |
Describe the function of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in stress response. |
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x |
x |
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HPL.SPEC.28.04 |
Explain the relationship between arousal and stress. |
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X |
x |
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HPL.SPEC.28.05 |
State the relationship between stress and performance. |
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x |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.28.06 |
State the basic categories of stressors. |
x |
x |
x |
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HPL.SPEC.28.07 |
List and discuss the major environmental sources of stress in the flight crew compartment. |
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x |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.28.08 |
Discuss the concept of ‘break point’ with regard to stress, overload and performance. |
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x |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.28.09 |
Name the principal causes of domestic stress. |
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X |
x |
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HPL.SPEC.28.10 |
State that the stress experienced as a result of particular demands varies among individuals. |
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x |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.28.11 |
Explain the factors that lead to differences in the levels of stress experienced by individuals. |
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x |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.28.12 |
List the factors that influence the tolerance of stressors. |
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X |
x |
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HPL.SPEC.28.13 |
State that stress is a result of perceived demands and perceived ability. |
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x |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.28.14 |
Explain the relationship between stress and anxiety. |
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x |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.28.15 |
Describe the effects of anxiety on human performance. |
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x |
x |
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HPL.SPEC.28.16 |
State the general effect of acute stress on people. |
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X |
x |
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HPL.SPEC.28.17 |
Describe the relationship between stress, arousal and vigilance. |
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x |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.28.18 |
State the general effect of chronic stress and the biological reaction by means of the three stages of the general adaptation syndrome (Selye): alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. |
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X |
x |
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HPL.SPEC.28.19 |
Explain the differences between psychological, psychosomatic, and somatic stress reactions. |
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x |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.28.20 |
Name the typical common physiological and psychological symptoms of human overload. |
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X |
x |
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HPL.SPEC.28.21 |
Describe the effects of stress on human behaviour. |
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x |
x |
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HPL.SPEC.28.22 |
Explain how stress is cumulative and how stress from one situation can be transferred to a different situation. |
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x |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.28.23 |
Explain how successful completion of a stressful task will reduce the amount of stress experienced when a similar situation arises in the future. |
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X |
x |
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HPL.SPEC.28.24 |
Describe the effect of human underload/overload on effectiveness in the flight crew compartment. |
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x |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.28.25 |
List sources and symptoms of human underload. |
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x |
x |
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HPL.SPEC.29.00 |
Fatigue and Stress Management |
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HPL.SPEC.29.01 |
Explain the term ‘fatigue’ and differentiate between the two types of fatigue (short-term and chronic fatigue). |
x |
x |
x |
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R |
R |
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HPL.SPEC.29.02 |
Name the causes of short-term and chronic fatigue. |
x |
x |
X |
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R |
R |
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HPL.SPEC.29.03 |
Identify the symptoms and describe the effects of fatigue. |
x |
x |
X |
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R |
R |
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HPL.SPEC.29.04 |
List the strategies that prevent or delay the onset of fatigue and hypovigilance. |
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x |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.29.05 |
List and describe strategies for coping with stress factors and stress reactions. |
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X |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.29.06 |
Distinguish between short-term and long-term methods of stress management. |
x |
x |
x |
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R |
R |
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HPL.SPEC.29.07 |
Give examples of short-term methods of stress management. |
x |
x |
x |
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X |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.29.08 |
Give examples of long-term methods of coping with stress. |
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x |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.29.09 |
Describe the fatigue risk management system (FRMS) as follows: a data-driven means of continuously monitoring and managing fatigue-related safety risks, based upon scientific principles and knowledge as well as operational experience that aims to ensure relevant personnel are performing at adequate levels of alertness. |
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X |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.30.00 |
Automation |
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Advantages and Disadvantages |
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HPL.SPEC.30.01 |
Explain the fundamental restrictions of automated flight systems to be lack of creativity in unknown situations, and lack of personal motivation with regard to safety. |
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X |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.30.02 |
List the principal strengths and weaknesses of pilot versus automated flight systems to be creativity, decision-making, prioritisation of tasks, safety attitude versus precision, reliability. |
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x |
x |
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HPL.SPEC.31.00 |
Automation Complacency |
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HPL.SPEC.31.01 |
State the main weaknesses in the monitoring of automatic systems to be hypovigilance. |
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x |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.31.02 |
Explain some basic flight crew errors and terms that arise with the introduction of automation: passive monitoring blinkered concentration confusion flight mode awareness. |
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x |
X |
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HPL.SPEC.31.03 |
Explain how the method of call-outs counteracts ineffective monitoring of automatic systems. |
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X |
x |
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HPL.SPEC.31.04 |
Define ‘complacency’. |
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HPL.SPEC.32.00 |
Working Concepts |
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HPL.SPEC.32.01 |
Explain that the potential disadvantages of automation on crew communication are loss of awareness of input errors, flight modes, failure detection, failure comprehension, status of the unmanned aircraft and unmanned aircraft position. |
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Meteorology
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Syllabus Reference |
Syllabus details and associated Learning Objectives |
GVC |
L1 A |
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L2 R |
L3 A |
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L4 R |
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MET.SPEC.00.00 |
Meteorology |
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MET.SPEC.01.00 |
The Atmosphere |
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Structure of the Atmosphere |
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MET.SPEC.01.01 |
Describe the vertical division of the atmosphere up to flight level (FL) 650, based on the temperature variation with height |
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MET.SPEC.01.02 |
List the different layers and their main qualitative characteristics up to FL650 |
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MET.SPEC.02.00 |
Air Temperature |
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MET.SPEC.02.01 |
Define ‘air temperature’. |
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MET.SPEC.02.02 |
List the units of measurement of air temperature used in aviation meteorology (Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin). (Refer to Subject 050 10 01 01) |
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MET.SPEC.03.00 |
Vertical Distribution of Temperature |
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MET.SPEC.03.01 |
Describe the mean vertical distribution of temperature up to FL 650. |
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MET.SPEC.03.02 |
Mention the general causes of the cooling of the air in the troposphere with increasing altitude. |
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MET.SPEC.03.03 |
Calculate the temperature and temperature deviations (in relation to International Standard Atmosphere (ISA)) at specified levels. |
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MET.SPEC.04.00 |
Transfer of Heat |
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MET.SPEC.04.01 |
Explain how local cooling or warming processes result in transfer of heat. |
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MET.SPEC.04.02 |
Describe radiation. |
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MET.SPEC.04.03 |
Describe solar radiation reaching the Earth. |
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MET.SPEC.04.04 |
Describe the filtering effect of the atmosphere on solar radiation. |
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MET.SPEC.04.05 |
Describe terrestrial radiation. |
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MET.SPEC.04.06 |
Explain how terrestrial radiation is absorbed by some components of the atmosphere. |
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MET.SPEC.04.07 |
Explain the effect of absorption and radiation in connection with clouds. |
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MET.SPEC.04.08 |
Explain the process of conduction. |
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MET.SPEC.04.09 |
Explain the role of conduction in the cooling and warming of the atmosphere. |
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MET.SPEC.04.10 |
Explain the process of convection. |
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MET.SPEC.04.11 |
Name the situations in which convection occurs. |
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MET.SPEC.04.12 |
Explain the process of advection. |
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MET.SPEC.04.13 |
Name the situations in which advection occurs. |
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MET.SPEC.04.14 |
Describe the transfer of heat by turbulence. |
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MET.SPEC.04.15 |
Describe the transfer of latent heat. |
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MET.SPEC.05.00 |
Temperature near the Earth’s Surface, Insolation, Surface Effects, Effect of Clouds, Effect of Wind |
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MET.SPEC.05.01 |
Explain the cooling/warming of the surface of the Earth by radiation. |
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MET.SPEC.05.02 |
Explain the cooling/warming of the air by molecular or turbulent heat transfer to/from the earth or sea surfaces. |
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MET.SPEC.05.03 |
Describe qualitatively the influence of the clouds on the cooling and warming of the surface and the air near the surface. |
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MET.SPEC.05.04 |
Explain the influence of the wind on the cooling and warming of the air near the surfaces. |
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MET.SPEC.06.00 |
Atmospheric Pressure |
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Barometric Pressure, Isobars |
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MET.SPEC.06.01 |
Define ‘atmospheric pressure’. |
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MET.SPEC.06.02 |
List the units of measurement of the atmospheric pressure used in aviation (hPa, inches of mercury). (Refer to Subject 050 10 01 01) |
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x |
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MET.SPEC.06.03 |
Describe the principle of the barometers (mercury barometer, aneroid barometer). |
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MET.SPEC.06.04 |
Define isobars and identify them on surface weather charts. |
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MET.SPEC.06.05 |
Define ‘high’, ‘low’, ‘trough’, ‘ridge’, ‘col’. |
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MET.SPEC.07.00 |
Pressure Variation with Height, Contours (Isotypes) |
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MET.SPEC.07.01 |
Explain the pressure variation with height. |
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MET.SPEC.07.02 |
Describe quantitatively the variation of the barometric lapse rate. Remark: An approximation of the average value for the barometric lapse rate near mean sea level (MSL) is 30 ft (9 m) per 1 hPa. |
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Reduction of Pressure to QFF (MSL) |
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MET.SPEC.07.03 |
Define ‘QFF’. |
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MET.SPEC.07.04 |
Explain the reduction of measured pressure (QFE) to QFF (MSL). |
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MET.SPEC.07.05 |
Mention the use of QFF for surface weather charts. |
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X |
X |
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Relationship between surface pressure centres & pressure centres aloft |
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MET.SPEC.07.06
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Illustrate with a vertical cross section of isobaric surfaces the relationship between surface pressure systems and upper-air pressure systems. |
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x |
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MET.SPEC.08.00 |
Air Density |
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Relationship between pressure, temperature and density |
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MET.SPEC.08.01 |
Describe the relationship between pressure, temperature and density. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.08.0 |
Describe the vertical variation of the air density in the atmosphere. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.09.00 |
International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) |
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MET.SPEC.09.01 |
Explain the use of standardised values for the atmosphere. |
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MET.SPEC.09.02 |
List the main values of the ISA MSL pressure, MSL temperature, the vertical temperature lapse rate up to FL 650, height and temperature of the tropopause. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.10.00 |
Altimetry |
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Terminology and Definitions |
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MET.SPEC.10.01 |
Define the following terms and explain how they are related to each other: height, altitude, pressure altitude, FL, pressure level, true altitude, true height, elevation, QNH, QFE, and standard altimeter setting. |
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x |
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MET.SPEC.10.02 |
Describe the terms ‘transition altitude’, ‘transition level’,‘transition layer’, ‘terrain clearance’, ‘lowest usable flight level’. |
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x |
x |
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Altimeter settings |
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MET.SPEC.10.03 |
Name the altimeter settings associated to height, altitude, pressure altitude and FL. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.10.04 |
Describe the altimeter-setting procedures. |
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x |
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Calculations |
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MET.SPEC.10.05 |
Calculate the different readings on the altimeter when a remote pilot uses different settings (QNH, 1013.25, QFE). |
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X |
X |
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MET.SPEC.10.06 |
Illustrate with a numbered example the changes of altimeter setting and the associated changes in reading when the pilot climbs through the transition altitude or descends through the transition level. |
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X |
x |
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MET.SPEC.10.07 |
Derive the reading of the altimeter of an unmanned aircraft on the ground when the pilot uses the different settings. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.10.08 |
Explain the influence of the air temperature on the distance between the ground and the level read on the altimeter and between two FLs. |
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x |
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MET.SPEC.10.09 |
Explain the influence of pressure areas on true altitude. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.10.10 |
Determine the true altitude/height for a given altitude/height and a given ISA temperature deviation. |
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x |
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MET.SPEC.10.11 |
Calculate the terrain clearance and the lowest usable FL for given atmospheric temperature and pressure conditions. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.10.12 |
State that the 4 %-rule can be used to calculate true altitude from indicated altitude, and also indicated altitude from true altitude (not precise but sufficient due to the approximation of the 4%-rule.) Remark: The following rules should be considered for altimetry calculations:
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Effect of Accelerated Airflow Due to Topography |
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MET.SPEC.10.13 |
Describe qualitatively how the effect of accelerated airflow due to topography (the Bernoulli effect) affects altimetry. |
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x |
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MET.SPEC.11.00 |
Wind |
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Definition and Measurement of Wind |
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Definition and measurement |
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MET.SPEC.11.01 |
Define ‘wind’ and ‘surface wind’. |
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MET.SPEC.11.02 |
State the units of wind directions |
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MET.SPEC.11.03 |
Describe that the reported wind is an average wind derived from measurements with an anemometer at a height of 10 m over 2 min for local routine and special reports and ATS units, and over 10 min for aerodrome routine meteorological reports (METARs) and aerodrome special meteorological reports (SPECIs). |
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MET.SPEC.12.00 |
Primary Cause of Wind, Pressure Gradient, Coriolis Force, Gradient Wind |
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MET.SPEC.12.01 |
Define the term ‘horizontal pressure gradient’. |
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MET.SPEC.12.02 |
Reserved for future |
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MET.SPEC.13.00 |
General Global Circulation |
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General Circulation Around the Globe |
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MET.SPEC.13.01 |
Describe the general global circulation. |
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MET.SPEC.14.00 |
Local Winds |
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MET.SPEC.14.01 |
Describe and explain anabatic and katabatic winds. |
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MET.SEPC.14.02 |
Describe mountain and valley winds. |
X |
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MET.SPEC.14.03 |
Describe the Venturi effect, convergence in valleys and mountain areas. |
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X |
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MET.SPEC.14.04 |
Describe land and sea breezes, and sea-breeze front. |
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MET.SPEC.14.05 |
Describe that local, low-level jet streams can develop in the evening. |
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MET.SPEC.15.00 |
Mountain Waves (standing waves, lee waves) |
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Origin and Characteristics |
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MET.SPEC.15.01 |
Explain the origin and formation of mountain waves. |
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MET.SPEC.15.02 |
State the conditions necessary for the formation of mountain waves. |
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MET.SPEC.15.03 |
Describe the structure and properties of mountain waves. |
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MET.SPEC.15.04 |
Explain how mountain waves may be identified by their associated meteorological phenomena. |
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MET.SPEC.15.05 |
Describe that mountain wave effects can exceed the performance or structural capability of unmanned aircraft. |
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MET.SPEC.15.06 |
Describe that mountain wave effects can propagate from low to high level, e.g. over Greenland and elsewhere. |
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MET.SPEC.16.00 |
Turbulence |
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Description and Types of Turbulence |
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MET.SPEC.16.01 |
Describe turbulence and gustiness. |
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MET.SPEC.16.02 |
List the common types of turbulence (convective, mechanical, orographic, frontal, clear-air turbulence). |
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x |
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MET.SPEC.17.00 |
Formation and Location of Turbulence |
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MET.SPEC.17.01
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Explain the formation of convective turbulence, mechanical and orographic turbulence, and frontal turbulence. |
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MET.SPEC.17.02
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State where turbulence will normally be found (rough-ground surfaces, relief, inversion layers, cumulonimbus (CB), thunderstorm (TS) zones, unstable layers). |
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MET.SPEC.17.03
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Describe and indicate the areas of worst wind shear and CAT. |
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MET.SPEC.18.00 |
Clouds and Fog |
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MET.SPEC.18.01 |
Explain cloud formation by adiabatic cooling, conduction, advection and radiation. |
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X |
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MET.SPEC.18.02 |
Describe cloud formation based on the following lifting processes: unorganised lifting in thin layers and turbulent mixing; forced lifting at fronts or over mountains; free convection. |
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X |
X |
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MET.SPEC.18.03 |
List cloud types typical for stable and unstable air conditions. |
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X |
X |
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MET.SPEC.18.04 |
Summarise the conditions for the dissipation of clouds. |
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X |
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MET.SPEC.19.00 |
Cloud Types and Cloud Classification |
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MET.SPEC.19.01 |
Describe the different cloud types and their classification. |
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MET.SPEC.20.00 |
Flying Conditions in each Cloud Type |
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MET.SPEC.20.01 |
Assess the 10 cloud types for icing and turbulence. |
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MET.SPEC.21.00 |
Fog, Mist, Faze |
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MET.SPEC.21.01 |
Define ‘fog’, ‘mist’ and ‘haze’ with reference to the WMO standards of visibility range. |
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MET.SPEC.21.02 |
Explain briefly the formation of fog, mist and haze. |
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X |
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MET.SPEC.21.03 |
Name the factors that generally contribute to the formation of fog and mist. |
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x |
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MET.SPEC.21.04 |
Name the factors that contribute to the formation of haze. |
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X |
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MET.SPEC.21.05 |
Describe freezing fog and ice fog. |
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MET.SPEC.22.00 |
Radiation Fog |
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MET.SPEC.22.01 |
Explain the formation of radiation fog. |
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MET.SPEC.22.02 |
Describe the significant characteristics of radiation fog, and its vertical extent. |
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MET.SPEC.22.03 |
Summarise the conditions for the dissipation of radiation fog. |
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MET.SPEC.23.00 |
Advection Fog |
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MET.SPEC.23.01 |
Explain the formation of advection fog. |
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MET.SPEC.23.02 |
Describe the different possibilities of advection-fog formation (over land, sea and coastal regions). |
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x |
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MET.SPEC.23.03 |
Describe the significant characteristics of advection fog. |
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x |
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MET.SPEC.23.04 |
Summarise the conditions for the dissipation of advection fog. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.24.00 |
Sea Smoke |
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MET.SPEC.24.01 |
Explain the formation of sea smoke. |
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x |
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MET.SPEC.24.02 |
Explain the conditions for the development of sea smoke. |
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x |
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MET.SPEC.24.03 |
Summarise the conditions for the dissipation of sea smoke. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.24.04 |
Explain the formation of frontal fog. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.24.05 |
Describe the significant characteristics of frontal fog. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.24.06 |
Summarise the conditions for the dissipation of frontal fog. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.24.07 |
Summarise the features of orographic fog. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.24.08 |
Describe the significant characteristics of orographic fog. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.24.09 |
Summarise the conditions for the dissipation of orographic fog. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.25.00 |
Precipitation |
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Process of Development of Precipitation |
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MET.SPEC.25.01 |
Describe the two basic processes of forming precipitation (The Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen process, Coalescence). |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.25.02 |
Summarise the outlines of the ice-crystal process (The Wegener– Bergeron–Findeisen process). |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.25.03 |
Summarise the outlines of the coalescence process. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.25.04 |
Explain the development of snow, rain, drizzle and hail. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.26.00 |
Types of Precipitation |
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MET.SPEC.26.01 |
List and describe the types of precipitation given in the aerodrome forecast (TAF) and METAR codes (drizzle, rain, snow, snow grains, ice pellets, hail, small hail, snow pellets, ice crystals, freezing drizzle, freezing rain). |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.26.02 |
State the ICAO/WMO approximate diameters for cloud, drizzle and rain drops. |
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x |
X |
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MET.SPEC.26.03 |
State that, because of their size, hail stones can cause significant damage to unmanned aircraft. |
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X |
x |
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MET.SPEC.26.04 |
Explain the mechanism for the formation of freezing precipitation. |
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x |
X |
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MET.SPEC.26.05 |
Describe the weather conditions that give rise to freezing precipitation. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.26.06 |
Distinguish between the types of precipitation generated in convective and stratiform clouds. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.26.07 |
Assign typical precipitation types and intensities to different cloud types. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.26.08 |
Explain the relationship between moisture content and visibility during different types of winter precipitation (e.g. large vs small snowflakes). |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.27.00 |
Air Masses and Fronts |
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Air Masses |
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MET.SPEC.27.01 |
Define the term ‘air mass’. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.27.02 |
Describe the properties of the source regions. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.27.03 |
Summarise the classification of air masses by source regions. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.27.04 |
State the classifications of air masses by temperature and humidity at source. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.27.05 |
State the characteristic weather in each of the air masses. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.27.06 |
Name the three main air masses that affect Europe. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.27.07 |
Classify air masses on a surface weather chart. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.27.08 |
Remark: Names and abbreviations of air masses used in assessments: — first letter: humidity continental (c) maritime (m) — second letter: type of air mass arctic (A) polar (P) tropical (T) equatorial (E) — third letter: temperature cold (c) warm (w) |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.28.00 |
Modifications of Air Masses |
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MET.SPEC.28.01 |
List the environmental factors that affect the final properties of an air mass. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.28.02 |
Explain how maritime and continental tracks modify air masses. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.28.03 |
Explain the effect of passage over cold or warm surfaces. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.28.04 |
Explain how air-mass weather is affected by the season, the air- mass track and by orographic and thermal effects over land. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.28.05 |
Assess the tendencies of the stability of an air mass and describe the typical resulting air-mass weather including the hazards for aviation. |
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x |
X |
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MET.SPEC.29.00 |
Fronts |
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MET.SPEC.29.01 |
Describe the boundaries between air masses (fronts). |
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x |
X |
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MET.SPEC.29.02 |
Define ‘front’ and ‘frontal zone’. |
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X |
x |
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MET.SPEC.29.03 |
Name the global frontal systems (polar front, arctic front). |
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x |
X |
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MET.SPEC.29.04 |
State the approximate seasonal latitudes and geographic positions of the polar front and the arctic front. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.30.00 |
Warm Front, Associated Clouds and Weather |
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MET.SPEC.30.01 |
Define a ‘warm front’. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.30.02 |
Describe the cloud, weather, ground visibility and aviation hazards at a warm front depending on the stability of the warm air. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.30.03 |
Explain the seasonal differences in the weather at warm fronts. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.30.04 |
Describe the structure, slope and dimensions of a warm front. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.30.05 |
Sketch a cross section of a warm front showing weather, cloud and aviation hazards. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.31.00 |
Cold Front, Associated Clouds and Weather |
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MET.SPEC.31.01 |
Define a ‘cold front’. |
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X |
X |
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MET.SPEC.31.02 |
Describe the cloud, weather, ground visibility and aviation hazards at a cold front depending on the stability of the warm air. |
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X |
X |
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MET.SPEC.31.03 |
Explain the seasonal differences in the weather at cold fronts. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.31.04 |
Describe the structure, slope and dimensions of a cold front. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.31.05 |
Sketch a cross section of a cold front showing weather, cloud and aviation hazards. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.32.00 |
Warm Sector, Associated Clouds and Weather |
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MET.SPEC.32.01 |
Describe fronts and air masses associated with the warm sector. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.32.02 |
Describe the cloud, weather, ground visibility and aviation hazards in a warm sector. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.32.03 |
Explain the seasonal differences in the weather in the warm sector. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.32.04 |
Sketch a cross section of a warm sector showing weather, cloud and aviation hazards. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.33.00 |
Weather behind the Cold Front |
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MET.SPEC.33.01 |
Describe the cloud, weather, ground visibility and aviation hazards behind the cold front. |
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x |
X |
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MET.SPEC.33.02 |
Explain the seasonal differences in the weather behind the cold front. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.34.00 |
Occlusions, Associated Clouds and Weather |
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MET.SPEC.34.01 |
Define the term ‘occlusion’ and ‘occluded front’. |
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x |
X |
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MET.SPEC.34.02 |
Describe the cloud, weather, ground visibility and aviation hazards in a cold occlusion. |
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X |
x |
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MET.SPEC.34.03 |
Describe the cloud, weather, ground visibility and aviation hazards in a warm occlusion. |
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x |
X |
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MET.SPEC.34.04 |
Explain the seasonal differences in the weather at occlusions. |
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X |
x |
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MET.SPEC.34.05 |
Sketch a cross section of occlusions showing weather, cloud and aviation hazards. |
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x |
X |
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MET.SPEC.34.06 |
On a sketch illustrate the development of an occlusion and the movement of the occlusion point. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.35.00 |
Stationary Front, Associated Clouds and Weather |
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MET.SPEC.35.01 |
Define a ‘stationary front’. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.35.02 |
Describe the cloud, weather, ground visibility and aviation hazards in a stationary front. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.36.00 |
Movement of Fronts and Pressure Systems, Life Cycle |
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MET.SPEC.36.01 |
Describe the movements of fronts and pressure systems and the life cycle of a mid-latitude depression. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.36.02 |
State the rules for predicting the direction and the speed of movement of fronts. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.36.03 |
State the difference in the speed of movement between cold and warm fronts. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.36.04 |
State the rules for predicting the direction and the speed of movement of frontal depressions. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.36.05 |
Describe, with a sketch if required, the genesis, development and life cycle of a frontal depression with associated cloud and rain belts. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.37.00 |
Changes of Meteorological Elements at a Frontal Wave |
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MET.SPEC.37.01 |
Sketch a plan and a cross section of a frontal wave (warm front, warm sector, and cold front) and illustrate the changes of pressure, temperature, surface, wind and wind in the vertical axis. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.38.00 |
Pressure Systems |
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Location of the Principal Pressure Areas |
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MET.SPEC.38.01 |
Identify or indicate on a map the principal global high-pressure and low-pressure areas in January and July. |
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x |
X |
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MET.SPEC.38.02 |
Explain how these pressure areas are formed. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.38.03 |
Explain how the pressure areas move with the seasons. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.39.00 |
Flight Hazards |
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Icing |
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MET.SPEC.39.01 |
Summarise the general conditions under which ice accretion occurs on unmanned aircraft (temperatures of outside air; temperature of the airframe; presence of supercooled water in clouds, fog, rain and drizzle; possibility of sublimation). |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.39.02 |
Explain the general weather conditions under which ice accretion occurs in a venturi carburettor. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.39.03 |
Explain the general weather conditions under which ice accretion occurs on airframe. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.39.04 |
Explain the formation of supercooled water in clouds, rain and drizzle. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.39.05 |
Explain qualitatively the relationship between the air temperature and the amount of supercooled water. |
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x |
X |
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MET.SPEC.39.06 |
Explain qualitatively the relationship between the type of cloud and the size and number of the droplets in cumuliform and stratiform clouds. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.39.07 |
Indicate in which circumstances ice can form on an unmanned aircraft on the ground: air temperature, humidity, precipitation. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.39.08 |
Explain in which circumstances ice can form on an unmanned aircraft in flight: inside clouds, in precipitation, and outside clouds and precipitation. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.39.09 |
Explain the influence of fuel temperature, radiative cooling of the unmanned aircraft surface and temperature of the unmanned aircraft surface (e.g. from previous flight) on ice formation. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.39.10 |
Describe the different factors that influence the intensity of icing: air temperature, amount of supercooled water in a cloud or in precipitation, amount of ice crystals in the air, speed of the unmanned aircraft, shape (thickness) of the airframe parts (wings, antennas, etc.). |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.39.11 |
Explain the effects of topography on icing. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.39.12 |
Explain the higher concentration of water drops in stratiform orographic clouds. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.40.00 |
Types of Ice Accretion |
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MET.SPEC.40.01 |
Define ‘clear ice’. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.40.02 |
Describe the conditions for the formation of clear ice. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.40.03 |
Explain the formation of the structure of clear ice with the release of latent heat during the freezing process. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.40.04 |
Describe the aspects of clear ice: appearance, weight, solidity. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.40.05 |
Define ‘rime ice’. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.40.06 |
Describe the conditions for the formation of rime ice. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.40.07 |
Describe the aspects of rime ice: appearance, weight, solidity. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.40.08 |
Define ‘mixed ice’. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.40.09 |
Describe the conditions for the formation of mixed ice. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.40.10 |
Describe the aspects of mixed ice: appearance, weight, solidity. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.40.11 |
Describe the possible process of ice formation in snow conditions. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.40.12 |
Define ‘hoar frost’. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.40.13 |
Describe the conditions for the formation of hoar frost. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.40.14 |
Describe the aspects of hoar frost: appearance, solidity. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.41.00 |
Hazards of Ice Accretion, Avoidance |
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MET.SPEC.41.01 |
State the ICAO qualifying terms for the intensity of icing. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.41.02 |
Describe, in general, the hazards of icing. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.41.03 |
Assess the dangers of the different types of ice accretion. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.41.04 |
Describe the position of the dangerous zones of icing in fronts, in stratiform and cumuliform clouds, and in the different precipitation types. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.41.05 |
Indicate the possibilities of avoiding dangerous zones of icing: in the flight planning: weather briefing, selection of track and altitude; during flight: recognition of the dangerous zones, selection of appropriate track and altitude. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.42.00 |
Ice Crystal Icing |
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MET.SPEC.42.01 |
Describe ice crystal icing. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.42.02 |
Describe the atmospheric processes leading to high ice crystal concentration. Define the variable ice water content (IWC). |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.42.03 |
Identify weather situations and their relevant areas where high concentrations of ice crystals are likely to occur. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.42.04 |
Name, in general, the flight hazards associated with high concentrations of ice crystals. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.42.05 |
Explain how a pilot may possibly avoid areas with a high concentration of ice crystals. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.43.00 |
Turbulence |
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MET.SPEC.43.01 |
Describe the effects of turbulence on an unmanned aircraft in flight. |
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x |
X |
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MET.SPEC.43.02 |
Indicate the possibilities of avoiding turbulence: in the flight planning: weather briefing, selection of track and altitude; during flight: selection of appropriate track and altitude. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.43.03 |
Describe atmospheric turbulence and distinguish between turbulence, gustiness and wind shear. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.43.04 |
Describe that forecasts of turbulence are not very reliable and state that pilot reports of turbulence are very valuable as they help others to prepare for or avoid turbulence. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.44.00 |
Wind Shear |
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MET.SPEC.44.01 |
Define ‘wind shear’ (vertical and horizontal). |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.44.02 |
Define ‘low-level wind shear’. |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.45.00 |
Weather Conditions for Wind Shear |
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MET.SPEC.45.01
|
Describe the conditions, where and how wind shear can form (e.g. thunderstorms, squall lines, fronts, inversions, land and sea breeze, friction layer, relief). |
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x |
x |
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MET.SPEC.46.00 |
Effects on Flight, Avoidance |
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MET.SPEC.46.01 |
Describe the effects of wind shear on flight. |
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MET.SPEC.46.02 |
Indicate the possibilities of avoiding wind shear in flight: in the flight planning; during flight. |
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MET.SPEC.47.00 |
Thunderstorms |
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MET.SPEC.47.01 |
Conditions for and process of development, forecast, location, type specification. |
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MET.SPEC.47.02 |
Name the cloud types which indicate the development of thunderstorms. |
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MET.SPEC.47.03 |
Describe the different types of thunderstorms, their location, the conditions for and the process of development, and list their properties (air-mass thunderstorms, frontal thunderstorms, squall lines, supercell storms, orographic thunderstorms). |
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MET.SPEC.48.00 |
Structure of Thunderstorms, Life Cycle |
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MET.SPEC.48.01 |
Assess the average duration of thunderstorms and their different stages. |
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MET.SPEC.48.02 |
Describe a supercell storm: initial, supercell, tornado and dissipating stage. |
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MET.SPEC.48.03 |
Summarise the flight hazards associated with a fully developed thunderstorm. |
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MET.SPEC.48.04 |
Indicate on a sketch the most dangerous zones in and around a single-cell and a multi-cell thunderstorm. |
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MET.SPEC.49.00 |
Electrical Discharges |
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MET.SPEC.49.01 |
Describe the basic outline of the electric field in the atmosphere. |
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MET.SPEC.49.02 |
Describe types of lightning, i.e. ground stroke, intra-cloud lightning, cloud-to-cloud lightning, upward lightning. |
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MET.SPEC.49.03 |
Reserved |
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MET.SPEC.49.04 |
Describe the development of lightning discharges. |
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MET.SPEC.49.05 |
Describe the effect of lightning strike on unmanned aircraft and flight execution. |
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MET.SPEC.50.00 |
Development and Effects of Downbursts |
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MET.SPEC.50.01 |
Define the term ‘downburst’. |
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MET.SPEC.50.02 |
Distinguish between macroburst and microburst. |
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MET.SPEC.50.03 |
State the weather situations leading to the formation of downbursts. |
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MET.SPEC.50.04 |
Describe the process of development of a downburst. |
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MET.SPEC.50.05 |
Give the typical duration of a downburst. |
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MET.SPEC.50.06 |
Describe the effects of downbursts. |
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MET.SPEC.51.00 |
Thunderstorm Avoidance |
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MET.SPEC.51.01 |
Explain how the pilot can anticipate each type of thunderstorm: through pre-flight weather briefing, observation in flight, use of specific meteorological information, use of information given by ground weather radar and by airborne weather radar. |
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MET.SPEC.51.02 |
Describe practical examples of flight techniques used to avoid the hazards of thunderstorms. |
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MET.SPEC.52.00 |
Tornadoes |
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MET.SPEC.52.01 |
Define ‘tornado’. |
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MET.SPEC.52.02 |
Describe the formation of a tornado. |
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MET.SPEC.52.03 |
Describe the typical features of a tornado such as appearance, season, time of day, stage of development, speed of movement, and wind speed. |
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MET.SPEC.52.04 |
Compare the dimensions and properties of tornadoes and dust devils. |
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MET.SPEC.53.00 |
Inversions |
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MET.SPEC.53.01 |
Compare the flight hazards during take-off and approach associated with a strong inversion alone and with a strong inversion combined with marked wind shear. |
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MET.SPEC.54.00 |
Hazards in Mountainous Areas |
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MET.SPEC.54.01 |
Describe the influence of mountainous area on a frontal passage. |
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MET.SPEC.54.02 |
Describe the vertical movements, wind shear and turbulence that are typical of mountain areas. |
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MET.SPEC.54.03 |
Indicate on a sketch of a chain of mountains the turbulent zones (mountain waves, rotors). |
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MET.SPEC.54.04 |
Explain the influence of relief on ice accretion. |
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MET.SPEC.55.00 |
Development and Effect of Valley Inversions |
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MET.SPEC.55.01 |
Describe the formation of a valley inversion due to katabatic winds. |
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MET.SPEC.55.02 |
Describe the valley inversion formed by warm winds aloft. |
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MET.SPEC.55.03 |
Describe the effects of a valley inversion for an unmanned aircraft in flight. |
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MET.SPEC.56.00 |
Meteorological Information |
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MET.SPEC.56.01 |
Demonstrate ability to obtain, interpret and apply meteorological reports and forecasts for operations. |
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MET.SPEC.56.02 |
Define ‘gusts’ as given in METARs. |
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MET.SPEC.56.03 |
Distinguish wind given in METARs and wind given by the control tower for take-off and landing. |
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MET.SPEC.56.04 |
Define ‘visibility’. |
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MET.SPEC.56.05 |
Describe the meteorological measurement of visibility. |
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MET.SPEC.56.06 |
Define ‘prevailing visibility’. |
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MET.SPEC.56.07 |
Define ‘ground visibility’. |
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MET.SPEC.56.08 |
List the units used for visibility (m, km, statute mile). |
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MET.SPEC.56.09 |
Define ‘runway visual range’. |
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MET.SPEC.56.11 |
Describe the meteorological measurement of runway visual range. |
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MET.SPEC.56.12 |
Indicate where the transmissometers/forward-scatter meters are placed on the aerodrome. |
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MET.SPEC.56.13 |
List the units used for runway visual range (m, ft). |
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MET.SPEC.56.14 |
List the different possibilities to transmit information to pilots about runway visual range. |
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MET.SPEC.56.15 |
Compare ground visibility, prevailing visibility, and runway visual range. |
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MET.SPEC.56.16 |
Indicate the means of observation of present weather. |
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MET.SPEC.56.17 |
Indicate the means of observing clouds for the purpose of recording: type, amount, height of base (ceilometers), and top. |
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MET.SPEC.56.18 |
State the clouds which are indicated in METAR, TAF and SIGMET. |
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MET.SPEC.56.19 |
Define ‘oktas’. |
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MET.SPEC.56.20 |
Define ‘cloud base’. |
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MET.SPEC.56.21 |
Define ‘ceiling’. |
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MET.SPEC.56.22 |
Name the unit and the reference level used for information about cloud base (ft). |
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MET.SPEC.56.23 |
Define ‘vertical visibility’. |
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MET.SPEC.56.24 |
Explain briefly how and when vertical visibility is measured. |
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MET.SPEC.56.25 |
Name the units used for vertical visibility (ft, m). |
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MET.SPEC.56.26 |
Indicate the means of observation of air temperature (thermometer). |
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MET.SPEC.56.27 |
Name the units of relative humidity (%) and dew-point temperature (Celsius, Fahrenheit). |
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MET.SPEC.57.00 |
Satellite Observations |
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MET.SPEC.57.01 |
Describe the basic outlines of satellite observations. |
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MET.SPEC.57.02 |
Name the main uses of satellite pictures in aviation meteorology. |
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MET.SPEC.57.03 |
Describe the different types of satellite imagery. |
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MET.SPEC.57.04 |
Interpret qualitatively the satellite pictures to get useful information for flights: — location of clouds (distinguish between stratiform and cumuliform clouds). |
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MET.SPEC.57.06 |
Interpret qualitatively the satellite pictures in order to get useful information for flights: — location of fronts. |
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MET.SPEC.58.00 |
Weather Radar Observations |
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MET.SPEC.58.01 |
Describe the basic principle and the type of information given by a ground weather radar. |
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MET.SPEC.58.01 |
Interpret ground weather radar images. |
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MET.SPEC.58.01 |
Describe the basic principle and the type of information given by airborne weather radar. |
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MET.SPEC.58.01 |
Describe the limits and the errors of airborne weather radar information. |
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MET.SPEC.58.01 |
Interpret typical airborne weather radar images. |
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MET.SPEC.59.00 |
Unmanned Aircraft Observations and Reporting |
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MET.SPEC.59.01 |
Describe routine air-report and special air-report (ARS). |
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MET.SPEC.59.02 |
State the obligation of a pilot to prepare air-reports. |
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MET.SPEC.59.03 |
Name the weather phenomena to be stated in an ARS. |
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MET.SPEC.60.00 |
Weather Charts |
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MET.SPEC.60.01 |
Decode and interpret significant weather charts (low, medium and high level). |
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MET.SPEC.60.02 |
Describe from a significant weather chart the flight conditions at designated locations or along a defined flight route at a given FL. |
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MET.SPEC.61.00 |
Surface Charts |
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MET.SPEC.61.01 |
Recognise the following weather systems on a surface weather chart (analysed and forecast): ridges, cols and troughs; fronts; frontal side, warm sector and rear side of mid-latitude frontal lows; high- and low-pressure areas. |
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MET.SPEC.61.02 |
Determine from surface weather charts the wind direction and speed. |
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MET.SPEC.62.00 |
Information for Flight Planning |
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MET.SPEC.62.01 |
Describe, decode and interpret the following aviation weather messages (given in written or graphical format): METAR, aerodrome special meteorological report (SPECI), trend forecast (TREND), TAF, information concerning en-route weather phenomena which may affect the safety of unmanned aircraft operations (SIGMET), information concerning en-route weather phenomena which may affect the safety of low-level unmanned aircraft operations (AIRMET), area forecast for low-level flights (GAMET), ARS, volcanic ash advisory information. |
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MET.SPEC.62.02 |
Describe the general meaning of MET REPORT and SPECIAL REPORT. |
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