HPL.SPEC.00.00

Human Performance and Limitations

HPL.SPEC.01.00

Human Factors: Basic Concepts

HPL.SPEC.01.01

State that competence is based on knowledge, skills and attitudes of the individual remote pilot.

X

X

X

HPL.SPEC.02.00

Flight Safety Concepts

HPL.SPEC.02.01

Explain the three components of the TEM model.

x

HPL.SPEC.02.02

Explain and give examples of latent threats.

x

HPL.SPEC.02.03

Explain and give examples of environmental threats.

x

HPL.SPEC.02.04

Explain and give examples of organisational threats.

x

HPL.SPEC.02.05

Explain and give a definition of ‘error’ according to the TEM model of ICAO Doc 9683 (Part II, Chapter 2).

x

HPL.SPEC.02.06

Give examples of different countermeasures which may be used to manage threats, errors, and undesired unmanned aircraft states.

x

HPL.SPEC.02.07

Explain and give examples of procedural error, communication errors, and unmanned aircraft handling errors.

x

HPL.SPEC.02.08

Explain and give examples of ‘undesired unmanned aircraft states’.

x

HPL.SPEC.02.09

State the components of the SHELL model.

x

HPL.SPEC.02.10

State the relevance of the SHELL model to the work in the flightdeck

x

HPL.SPEC.03.00

Safety Culture and Safety Management

HPL.SPEC.03.01

Distinguish between ‘open cultures’ and ‘closed cultures’.

x

HPL.SPEC.03.02

Illustrate how safety culture is reflected in national culture.

x

HPL.SPEC.03.03

Discuss the established expression ‘safety first’ in a commercial entity.

x

HPL.SPEC.03.04

Explain James Reason’s ‘Swiss Cheese Model’.

x

HPL.SPEC.03.05

State the important factors that promote a good safety culture.

x

HPL.SPEC.03.06

Distinguish between ‘just culture’ and ‘non-punitive culture’.

x

HPL.SPEC.03.07

Name the five components which form safety culture (according to James Reason: informed culture, reporting culture, learning culture, just culture, flexible culture).

x

HPL.SPEC.03.08

Name the basic concepts of safety management system (SMS) (including hazard identification and risk management) and its relationship with safety culture.

x

HPL.SPEC.04.00

The Sensory System

HPL.SPEC.04.01

List the different senses

X

x

X

HPL.SPEC.05.00

Central, Peripheral and Autonomic Nervous System

HPL.SPEC.05.01

Define the term ‘sensory threshold’.

x

HPL.SPEC.05.02

Define the term ‘sensitivity’, especially in the context of vision.

x

HPL.SPEC.05.03

Give examples of sensory adaptation.

x

HPL.SPEC.05.04

Define the term ‘habituation’ and state its implication for flight safety.

x

HPL.SPEC.06.00

Vision - Function

HPL.SPEC.06.01

Name the most important parts of the eye and the pathway to the visual cortex.

x

HPL.SPEC.06.02

State the basic functions of the parts of the eye.

X

X

X

HPL.SPEC.06.03

Define ‘accommodation’.

x

HPL.SPEC.06.04

Distinguish between the functions of the rod and cone cells.

x

HPL.SPEC.06.05

Describe the distribution of rod and cone cells in the retina and explain their relevance to vision.

x

HPL.SPEC.06.06

Explain the terms ‘visual acuity’, ‘visual field’, ‘central vision’, ‘peripheral vision’ and ‘the fovea’, and explain their function in the process of vision.

x

HPL.SPEC.06.07

List the factors that may degrade visual acuity and the importance of ‘lookout’.

x

HPL.SPEC.06.08

State the limitations of night vision and the different scanning techniques at both night and day

x

x

x

HPL.SPEC.06.09

State the time necessary for the eye to adapt both to bright light and the dark.

X

HPL.SPEC.06.10

Reserved.

HPL.SPEC.06.11

Explain the nature of colour blindness.

X

HPL.SPEC.06.12

Distinguish between monocular and binocular vision.

X

X

X

HPL.SPEC.06.13

Explain the basis of depth perception.

X

X

X

HPL.SPEC.06.14

List the possible monocular cues for depth perception.

X

HPL.SPEC.06.15

Explain long-sightedness, short-sightedness, and astigmatism.

X

HPL.SPEC.06.16

List the causes of and the precautions that may be taken to
reduce the probability of vision loss due to:

1. presbyopia

2. cataract

3. glaucoma

X

HPL.SPEC.06.17

State the possible problems associated with contact lenses.

X

HPL.SPEC.06.18

Explain the significance of the ‘blind spot’ on the retina in detecting other traffic in flight.

X

x

x

HPL.SPEC.07.00

Hearing

HPL.SPEC.07.01

Descriptive and functional anatomy.

X

X

X

HPL.SPEC.07.02

State the basic parts and functions of the outer, the middle and the inner ear.

X

X

X

HPL.SPEC.07.03

Differentiate between the functions of the vestibular apparatus and the cochlea in the inner ear.

x

HPL.SPEC.07.04

Define the main causes of the following hearing defects/loss:
— conductive deafness
— noise-induced hearing loss
— presbycusis

x

HPL.SPEC.07.05

Summarise the effects of environmental noise on hearing.

x

HPL.SPEC.07.06

State the decibel level of received noise that will cause NIHL.

x

HPL.SPEC.07.07

Identify the potential occupational risks that may cause hearing loss.

x

HPL.SPEC.07.08

List the main sources of hearing loss in the unmanned flying environment.

x

HPL.SPEC.07.09

List the precautions that may be taken to reduce the probability of onset of hearing loss.

X

HPL.SPEC.08.00

Integration of Sensory Inputs

HPL.SPEC.08.01

Define the term ‘illusion’.

x

x 

x 

HPL.SPEC.08.02

Give examples of visual illusions based on shape constancy, size constancy, aerial perspective, atmospheric perspective, the absence of focal or ambient cues, autokinesis, vectional false horizons, field myopia, and surface planes.

x

x

x

HPL.SPEC.09.00

Body Rhythm and Sleep

HPL.SPEC.09.01

Name some internal body rhythms and their relevance to sleep. Explain that the most important of which is body temperature.

x

HPL.SPEC.09.02

Explain the term ‘circadian rhythm’.

x

HPL.SPEC.09.03

State the approximate duration of a ‘free-running’ rhythm.

x

HPL.SPEC.09.04

Explain the significance of the ‘internal clock’ in regulating the normal circadian rhythm.

x

HPL.SPEC.09.05

State the effect of the circadian rhythm of body temperature on an individual’s performance standard and on an individual’s sleep patterns.

x

HPL.SPEC.09.06

List and describe the stages of a sleep cycle.

x

HPL.SPEC.09.07

Differentiate between rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM sleep.

x

HPL.SPEC.09.08

Explain the function of sleep and describe the effects of insufficient sleep on performance.

x

HPL.SPEC.09.09

Explain the simple calculations for the sleep/wake credit/debit situation.

x

HPL.SPEC.09.10

Explain how sleep debit can become cumulative.

x

HPL.SPEC.09.11

Describe the main effects of lack of sleep on an individual’s performance.

x

x

x

r

HPL.SPEC.10.00

Intoxication

HPL.SPEC.10.01

State the harmful effects of tobacco on:

— the respiratory system

— the cardiovascular system

x

HPL.SPEC.10.02

Indicate the level of caffeine dosage at which performance is degraded.

x

HPL.SPEC.10.03

Besides coffee, indicate other beverages containing caffeine.

x

HPL.SPEC.10.04

State the maximum acceptable limit of alcohol for flight crew according to the applicable regulations.

x

x

x

r

HPL.SPEC.10.05

State the effects of alcohol consumption on:
— the ability to reason
— inhibitions and self-control
— vision
— the sense of balance and sensory illusions
— sleep patterns

X

X

X

r

HPL.SPEC.10.06

State the effects alcohol may have if consumed together with other drugs.

x

x

x

HPL.SPEC.10.07

List the signs and symptoms of alcoholism.

x

HPL.SPEC.10.08

List the factors that may be associated with the development of alcoholism.

x

HPL.SPEC.10.09

Define the ‘unit’ of alcohol and state the approximate elimination rate from the blood.

x

HPL.SPEC.10.10

State the maximum daily and weekly intake of units of alcohol which may be consumed without causing damage to the organs and systems of the human body.

x

HPL.SPEC.10.11

Discuss the actions that might be taken if a crew member is suspected of being an alcoholic.

x

HPL.SPEC.10.12

State the dangers associated with the use of non-prescription drugs.

x

x

x

r

HPL.SPEC.10.13

State the side effects of common non-prescription drugs used to treat colds, flu, hay fever and other allergies, especially medicines containing antihistamine preparations.

x

x

x

r

HPL.SPEC.10.14

Interpret the rules relevant to using (prescription or non-prescription) drugs that the remote pilot has not used before.

x

x

x

HPL.SPEC.10.15

Interpret the general rule that ‘if a remote pilot is so unwell that they require any medication, then they should consider themselves unfit to fly’.

x

x

x

HPL.SPEC.10.16

List those materials present in an unmanned aircraft which may, when uncontained, cause severe health problems.

x

HPL.SPEC.10.17

List those unmanned aircraft component parts which if burnt may give off toxic fumes.

x

HPL.SPEC.11.00

Incapacitation

HPL.SPEC.11.01

State that incapacitation is most dangerous when its onset is insidious.

x

x

x

r

HPL.SPEC.11.02

List the major causes of remote pilot incapacitation.

X

X

X

r

HPL.SPEC.11.03

State the importance of crew to be able to recognise and promptly react upon incapacitation of other crew members, should it occur in flight.

x

HPL.SPEC.11.04

Explain methods and procedures to cope with incapacitation in flight.

x

x

x

r

HPL.SPEC.12.00

Human Information Processing (HIP)

HPL.SPEC.12.01

Differentiate between ‘attention’ and ‘vigilance’.

X

X

X

R

HPL.SPEC.12.02

Differentiate between ‘selective’ and ‘divided’ attention.

x

HPL.SPEC.12.03

Define ‘hypovigilance’.

x

HPL.SPEC.12.04

Identify the factors that may affect the state of vigilance.

x

HPL.SPEC.12.05

List the factors that may forestall hypovigilance during flight.

x

HPL.SPEC.12.06

Indicate the signs of reduced vigilance.

x

HPL.SPEC.12.07

List the factors that affect a person’s level of attention.

x

x

x

HPL.SPEC.13.00

Perception

HPL.SPEC.13.01

Name the basis of the perceptual process.

X

X

X

HPL.SPEC.13.02

Describe the mechanism of perception (‘bottom-up’/‘top-down’ process).

x

HPL.SPEC.13.03

Illustrate why perception is subjective and state the relevant factors that influence interpretation of perceived information

x

HPL.SPEC.13.04

Describe some basic perceptual illusions.

x

HPL.SPEC.13.05

Illustrate some basic perceptual concepts.

x

HPL.SPEC.13.06

Give examples where perception plays a decisive role in flight safety.

x

HPL.SPEC.13.07

Stress how persuasive and believable mistaken perception can manifest itself both for an individual and a group.

x

HPL.SPEC.14.00

Memory

HPL.SPEC.14.01

Explain the link between the types of memory (to include sensory, working/short-term and long-term memory).

x

HPL.SPEC.14.02

Describe the differences between the types of memory in terms of capacity and retention time.

x

HPL.SPEC.14.03

Justify the importance of sensory-store memories in processing information.

x

HPL.SPEC.14.04

State the average maximum number of separate items that may be held in working memory (5 ± 2).

x

HPL.SPEC.14.05

Stress how interruption can affect short-term/working memory.

x

HPL.SPEC.14.06

Give examples of items that are important for pilots to hold in working memory during flight.

x

HPL.SPEC.14.07

Describe how the capacity of the working-memory store may be increased.

x

HPL.SPEC.14.08

State the subdivisions of long-term memory and give examples of their content.

x

HPL.SPEC.14.09

Explain that skills are kept primarily in the long-term memory.

x

HPL.SPEC.14.10

Describe amnesia and how it affects memory.

x

HPL.SPEC.14.11

Name the common problems with both the long- and short-term memories and the best methods to try to counteract them.

X

HPL.SPEC.15.00

Learning Principles and Techniques

HPL.SPEC.15.01

Explain and distinguish between the following basic forms of
learning:
— classic and operant conditioning (behaviouristic approach) learning by insight (cognitive approach)
— learning by imitating (modelling)

X

HPL.SPEC.15.02

Recognise pilot-related examples as behaviouristic, cognitive or modelling forms of learning.

X

HPL.SPEC.15.03

State the factors that are necessary for and promote the quality of learning:
— intrinsic motivation
— good mental health
— rehearsals for improvement of memory
— consciousness
— vigilance
— application in practical exercises

X

HPL.SPEC.15.04

Explain ways to facilitate the memorisation of information with the following learning techniques:
— mnemonics
— mental training

X

HPL.SPEC.15.05

Describe the advantage of planning and anticipation of future
actions:
— define the term ‘skills’
— state the three phases of learning a skill (Anderson cognitive, associative and autonomous phase)

X

HPL.SPEC.15.06

Explain the term ‘motor programme’ or ‘mental schema’.

X

HPL.SPEC.15.07

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of mental schemas.

X

HPL.SPEC.15.08

Explain the Rasmussen model which describes the guidance of a pilot’s behaviour in different situations.

X

HPL.SPEC.15.09

State the possible problems or risks associated with skill, rule and knowledge-based behaviour.

X

HPL.SPEC.15.10

Define ‘motivation’.

X

HPL.SPEC.15.11

Explain the relationship between motivation and learning.

X

HPL.SPEC.15.12

Explain the problems of over-motivation, especially in the context of the extreme need to achieve.

X

HPL.SPEC.16.00

Human Error and Reliability

HPL.SPEC.16.01

Name and explain the factors that influence human reliability.

X

X

X

HPL.SPEC.16.02

Define the term ‘situation awareness’.

X

X

X

R

HPL.SPEC.16.03

List the cues that indicate loss of situation awareness and name the steps to regain it.

X

HPL.SPEC.16.04

List the factors that influence one’s situation awareness both positively and negatively and stress the importance of situation awareness in the context of flight safety.

X

HPL.SPEC.16.05

Define the term ‘mental model’ in relation to a surrounding complex situation.

X

HPL.SPEC.16.06

Describe the advantages/disadvantages of mental models.

X

HPL.SPEC.16.07

Explain the relationship between personal ‘mental models’ and the creation of cognitive illusions.

X

HPL.SPEC.16.08

Explain the concept of the ‘error chain’.

X

HPL.SPEC.16.09

Differentiate between an isolated error and an error chain.

X

HPL.SPEC.16.10

Distinguish between the main forms/types of errors (i.e. slips, faults, omissions and violations).

X

HPL.SPEC.16.11

Discuss the above errors and their relevance in flight.

X

HPL.SPEC.16.12

Distinguish between an active and a latent error and give examples.

X

HPL.SPEC.16.13

Distinguish between internal and external factors in error generation.

X

HPL.SPEC.16.14

Identify possible sources of internal error generation.

X

HPL.SPEC.16.15

Define and discuss the two errors associated with motor programmes (action slip and environmental capture).

X

HPL.SPEC.16.16

List the three main sources of external error generation in the flight crew compartment.

X

HPL.SPEC.16.17

Give examples to illustrate the following factors in external
error generation in the flight crew compartment:
— ergonomics
— economics
— social environment

X

HPL.SPEC.16.18

Name the major goals in the design of human-centred human– machine interfaces.

X

HPL.SPEC.16.19

Define the term ‘error tolerance’.

X

HPL.SPEC.16.20

List and describe the strategies that are used to reduce human error.

X

HPL.SPEC.16.21

Describe the advantage of planning and the anticipation of future actions.

X

HPL.SPEC.17.00

Decision Making

HPL.SPEC.17.01

Define the terms ‘deciding’ and ‘decision-making’.

x

HPL.SPEC.17.02

Describe the major factors on which decision-making should be based during the course of a flight.

X

HPL.SPEC.17.03

Describe the main human attributes with regard to decision making.

x

HPL.SPEC.17.04

Discuss the nature of bias and its influence on the decision making process.

X

HPL.SPEC.17.05

Describe the main error sources and limits in an individual’s decision-making mechanism.

x

HPL.SPEC.17.06

State the factors upon which an individual’s risk assessment is based.

X

X

X

HPL.SPEC.17.07

Explain the relationship between risk assessment, commitment, and pressure of time in decision-making strategies.

X

X

X

HPL.SPEC.17.08

Explain the risks associated with dispersion or channelised attention during the application of procedures requiring a high workload within a short time frame (e.g. a go-around).

x

HPL.SPEC.17.09

Describe the positive and negative influences exerted by other group members on an individual’s decision-making process (risk shift).

X

X

X

HPL.SPEC.17.10

Explain the general idea behind the creation of a model for decision-making based upon:
— definition of the aim
— collection of information
— risk assessment
— development of options
— evaluation of options
— decision
— implementation
— consequences
— review and feedback

x

HPL.SPEC.18.00

Avoiding and Managing Errors: Cockpit Management

Safety Awareness

HPL.SPEC.18.01

Justify the need for being aware of not only one’s own performance but that of others before and during a flight and the possible consequences or risks.

X

HPL.SPEC.19.00

Coordination (Multi-Crew Concepts)

HPL.SPEC.19.01

Name the objectives of the multi-crew concept.

x

HPL.SPEC.19.02

State and explain the elements of multi-crew concepts.

x

HPL.SPEC.19.03

Describe the concepts of ‘standard operating procedures’ (SOPs), checklists and crew briefings.

x

x

X

R

R

HPL.SPEC.19.04

Describe the purpose of and procedure for crew briefings.

x

x

x

HPL.SPEC.19.05

Describe the purpose of and procedure for checklists.

x

x

x

HPL.SPEC.19.06

Describe the function of communication in a coordinated team.

x

x

x

HPL.SPEC.19.07

Explain the advantages of SOPs.

x

x

x

HPL.SPEC.19.08

Explain how SOPs contribute to avoiding, reducing and managing threats and errors.

x

HPL.SPEC.19.09

Explain potential threats of SOPs.

x

HPL.SPEC.20.00

Cooperation

HPL.SPEC.20.01

Distinguish between cooperation and coaction.

x

HPL.SPEC.20.02

Define the term ‘group’.

x

HPL.SPEC.20.03

Illustrate the influence of interdependence in a group.

x

HPL.SPEC.20.04

List the advantages and disadvantages of teamwork.

x

HPL.SPEC.20.05

Explain the term ‘synergy’.

x

HPL.SPEC.20.06

Define the term ‘cohesion’.

x

HPL.SPEC.20.07

Define the term ‘groupthink’.

x

HPL.SPEC.20.08

State the essential conditions for good teamwork.

x

HPL.SPEC.20.09

Explain the function of role and norm in a group.

x

HPL.SPEC.20.10

Name the different role patterns which occur in a group situation.

x

HPL.SPEC.20.11

Explain how behaviour can be affected by the following factors:

— persuasion
— conformity
— compliance
— obedience

x

HPL.SPEC.20.12

Distinguish between status and role.

X

HPL.SPEC.20.13

Stress the inherent dangers of a situation where there is a mix of role and status within the flight crew compartment.

X

HPL.SPEC.20.14

Explain the terms ‘leadership’ and ‘followership’.

X

HPL.SPEC.20.15

Describe the trans-flightdeck authority gradient and its affiliated

leadership styles (i.e. autocratic, laissez-faire and synergistic).

X

HPL.SPEC.20.16

Name the most important attributes of a positive leadership style.

X

HPL.SPEC.21.00

Communication

HPL.SPEC.21.01

Define the term ‘communication’.

X

HPL.SPEC.21.02

List the most basic components of interpersonal communication.

X

HPL.SPEC.21.03

Explain the advantages of in-person two-way communication

as opposed to one-way communication.

X

HPL.SPEC.21.04

Name the importance of non-verbal communication.

X

HPL.SPEC.21.05

Describe the general aspects of non-verbal communication.

X

HPL.SPEC.21.06

Describe the advantages/disadvantages of implicit and explicit communication.

X

HPL.SPEC.21.07

Describe the advantages and possible problems of using ‘social’ and ‘professional’ language in high- and low-workload situations.

X

HPL.SPEC.21.08

Name and explain the major obstacles to effective communication.

X

HPL.SPEC.21.09

Explain the difference between intrapersonal and interpersonal conflict.

X

HPL.SPEC.21.10

Describe the escalation process in human conflict.

X

HPL.SPEC.21.11

List the typical consequences of conflicts between crew members.

X

HPL.SPEC.21.12

Explain the following terms as part of the communication practice with regard to preventing or resolving conflicts:

— inquiry
— active listening
— advocacy
— feedback
— metacommunication
— negotiation

X

HPL.SPEC.21.13

Describe the limitations of communication in situations of high workload in the flight crew compartment in view of listening, verbal, non-verbal and visual effects.

X

HPL.SPEC.22.00

Human Behaviour

HPL.SPEC.22.01

Personality, attitude, and behaviour.

HPL.SPEC.22.02

Describe the factors that determine an individual’s behaviour.

X

HPL.SPEC.22.03

Define and distinguish between personality, attitude, and behaviour.

X

HPL.SPEC.22.04

State the origin of personality and attitude.

x

HPL.SPEC.22.05

State that with behaviour good and bad habits can be formed.

X

HPL.SPEC.22.06

Explain how behaviour is generally a product of personality, attitude and the environment to which one was exposed at significant moments (childhood, schooling and training).

x

HPL.SPEC.22.07

State that personality differences and selfish attitude may have effects on flight crew performance.

x

HPL.SPEC.23.00

Individual Differences in Personality and Motivation

HPL.SPEC.23.01

Describe the individual differences in personality by means of a common trait model (e.g. Eysenck’s personality factors).

x

HPL.SPEC.24.00

Self-Concept

HPL.SPEC.24.01

Define the term ‘self-concept’ and the role it plays in any change of personality.

x

HPL.SPEC.24.02

Explain how a self-concept of under confidence may lead to an outward show of aggression and self- assertiveness.

X

HPL.SPEC.25.00

Self-Discipline

HPL.SPEC.25.01

Define ‘self-discipline’ and justify its importance for flight safety.

x

HPL.SPEC.26.00

Identification of Hazardous Attitudes (error proneness)

HPL.SPEC.26.01

Explain dangerous attitudes in aviation:

— negotiation
— Anti-authority
— macho
— impulsivity
— invulnerability
— complacency
— resignation

x

HPL.SPEC.26.02

Describe the personality, attitude, and behaviour patterns of an ideal crew member.

X

HPL.SPEC.26.03

Summarise how a person’s attitude influences their work in an unmanned flightdeck

x

HPL.SPEC.27.00

Human Overload and Underload

Arousal

HPL.SPEC.27.01

Explain the term ‘arousal’.

x

HPL.SPEC.27.02

Describe the relationship between arousal and performance.

x

HPL.SPEC.27.03

Explain the circumstances under which underload may occur and its possible dangers.

x

HPL.SPEC.28.00

Stress

HPL.SPEC.28.01

Explain the term ‘stress’ and why stress is a natural human reaction.

x

x

x

HPL.SPEC.28.02

State that the physiological response to stress is generated by the ‘fight or flight’ response.

x

HPL.SPEC.28.03

Describe the function of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in stress response.

x

HPL.SPEC.28.04

Explain the relationship between arousal and stress.

X

HPL.SPEC.28.05

State the relationship between stress and performance.

x

HPL.SPEC.28.06

State the basic categories of stressors.

x

x

x

HPL.SPEC.28.07

List and discuss the major environmental sources of stress in the flight crew compartment.

x

HPL.SPEC.28.08

Discuss the concept of ‘break point’ with regard to stress, overload and performance.

x

HPL.SPEC.28.09

Name the principal causes of domestic stress.

X

HPL.SPEC.28.10

State that the stress experienced as a result of particular demands varies among individuals.

x

HPL.SPEC.28.11

Explain the factors that lead to differences in the levels of stress experienced by individuals.

x

HPL.SPEC.28.12

List the factors that influence the tolerance of stressors.

X

HPL.SPEC.28.13

State that stress is a result of perceived demands and perceived ability.

x

HPL.SPEC.28.14

Explain the relationship between stress and anxiety.

x

HPL.SPEC.28.15

Describe the effects of anxiety on human performance.

x

HPL.SPEC.28.16

State the general effect of acute stress on people.

X

HPL.SPEC.28.17

Describe the relationship between stress, arousal and vigilance.

x

HPL.SPEC.28.18

State the general effect of chronic stress and the biological reaction by means of the three stages of the general adaptation syndrome (Selye): alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

X

HPL.SPEC.28.19

Explain the differences between psychological, psychosomatic, and somatic stress reactions.

x

HPL.SPEC.28.20

Name the typical common physiological and psychological symptoms of human overload.

X

HPL.SPEC.28.21

Describe the effects of stress on human behaviour.

x

HPL.SPEC.28.22

Explain how stress is cumulative and how stress from one situation can be transferred to a different situation.

x

HPL.SPEC.28.23

Explain how successful completion of a stressful task will reduce the amount of stress experienced when a similar situation arises in the future.

X

HPL.SPEC.28.24

Describe the effect of human underload/overload on effectiveness in the flight crew compartment.

x

HPL.SPEC.28.25

List sources and symptoms of human underload.

x

HPL.SPEC.29.00

Fatigue and Stress Management

HPL.SPEC.29.01

Explain the term ‘fatigue’ and differentiate between the two types of fatigue (short-term and chronic fatigue).

x

x

x

R

HPL.SPEC.29.02

Name the causes of short-term and chronic fatigue.

x

x

X

R

HPL.SPEC.29.03

Identify the symptoms and describe the effects of fatigue.

x

x

X

R

HPL.SPEC.29.04

List the strategies that prevent or delay the onset of fatigue and hypovigilance.

x

HPL.SPEC.29.05

List and describe strategies for coping with stress factors and stress reactions.

X

HPL.SPEC.29.06

Distinguish between short-term and long-term methods of stress management.

x

x

x

R

HPL.SPEC.29.07

Give examples of short-term methods of stress management.

x

x

x

X

HPL.SPEC.29.08

Give examples of long-term methods of coping with stress.

x

HPL.SPEC.29.09

Describe the fatigue risk management system (FRMS) as follows: a data-driven means of continuously monitoring and managing fatigue-related safety risks, based upon scientific principles and knowledge as well as operational experience that aims to ensure relevant personnel are performing at adequate levels of alertness.

X

HPL.SPEC.30.00

Automation

Advantages and Disadvantages

HPL.SPEC.30.01

Explain the fundamental restrictions of automated flight systems to be lack of creativity in unknown situations, and lack of personal motivation with regard to safety.

X

HPL.SPEC.30.02

List the principal strengths and weaknesses of pilot versus automated flight systems to be creativity, decision-making, prioritisation of tasks, safety attitude versus precision, reliability.

x

HPL.SPEC.31.00

Automation Complacency

HPL.SPEC.31.01

State the main weaknesses in the monitoring of automatic systems to be hypovigilance.

x

HPL.SPEC.31.02

Explain some basic flight crew errors and terms that arise with the introduction of automation:

passive monitoring

blinkered concentration

confusion

flight mode awareness.

x

HPL.SPEC.31.03

Explain how the method of call-outs counteracts ineffective monitoring of automatic systems.

X

HPL.SPEC.31.04

Define ‘complacency’.

x

HPL.SPEC.32.00

Working Concepts