Ground

To identify when the helicopter is operated at the limits of OAT.

To identify when the helicopter is operated at the slope limits.

To identify when the helicopter is operated at the slope limits.

To identify when the rotor brake is applied at too high NR.

To identify when the helicopter is ground taxied at high speed (wheeled helicopters only).

To identify when the helicopter is air taxied at high speed.

To identify when excessive power is used during ground taxiing.

To identify when the helicopter flight controls (pedals) are used to excess on the ground. GS or NR to exclude control test prior to rotor start.

To identify when the helicopter yaws at a high rate when on the ground.

To identify when the helicopter yaws at a high rate when in a hover.

To identify high levels of lateral acceleration, when ground taxiing, that indicate high cornering speed.

Comments

To identify high levels of longitudinal acceleration, when ground taxiing, that indicate excessive braking.

To identify excessive movement of the rotor disc when running on ground. GS or NR to exclude control test prior to rotor start.

To detect an excessive rate of movement of cyclic control when on the ground with rotors running.

To detect the risk of a helicopter rollover due to an incorrect combination of tail rotor pedal position and lateral cyclic control position when on ground.

To detect an incorrect taxiing technique likely to cause rotor head damage.

To detect inadvertent lifting into hover.

Flight — Take-off and landing

To provide day/night relevance to detected events.

To give contextual information concerning departures and destinations.

To identify when undercarriage airspeed limitations are breached.

To identify when undercarriage altitude limitations are breached.

To identify when hard/heavy landings take place.

To identify use of engine bleed air during periods of high power demand.

To assist in the identification of ‘quick stop’ approaches.

Flight — Speed

To identify excessive airspeed in flight.

To identify excessive airspeed in low-level flight.

To identify a ‘hover out of ground’ effect.

To identify shallow departure.

To identify limitation exceedance of power- off airspeed.

To detect early downwind turn after take- off.

To detect late turn to final shortly before landing.

Flight — Height

To detect flight outside of the published flight envelope.

Comments

Identification of excessive rates of climb (RoC) can be determined from an indication/rate of change of Palt or Rad Alt.

To identify excessive rates of descent (RoD).

To identify RoD at low level or low speed.

To detect high-power settling with low speed and with excessive rate of descent.

To detect late recovery from autorotation.

To detect an extended low-level flight. Ground speed is less accurate with more false alarms. Lat & Long used for geographical boundaries.

To detect an extended low-level flight.

Flight — Attitude and controls

To identify inappropriate use of excessive pitch attitude during flight. Height limits may be used (i.e. on take-off and landing or < 500 ft) — Lat & Long required for specific- location-related limits. Elevation less accurate than Rad Alt. Elevation can be used to identify the landing phase in a specific location.

To identify inappropriate use of excessive pitch attitude during flight. Speed limits may be used (i.e. on take-off and landing or in cruising) — Lat & Long required for specific-location-related limits. GS less accurate than IAS.

To identify inappropriate use of excessive rate of pitch change during flight. Height limits may be used (i.e. on take-off and landing). IAS only for IAS limit, ground switch (similar) and Lat & Long required for specific-location-related limits.

To identify excessive use of roll attitude. Rad Alt may be used for height limits, IAS/GS may be used for speed limits.

Rad Alt may be used for height limits, Lat & Long and ground switch (similar) required for specific-location-related and air/ground limits.

To detect excessive yaw rates in flight.

To detect movement of the lateral cyclic control to extreme left or right positions. Ground switch (similar) required for pre or post T/O.

To detect movement of the longitudinal cyclic control to extreme forward or aft positions. Ground switch (similar) required for pre or post T/O.

Comments

To detect exceedances of the aircraft flight manual (AFM) collective pitch limit. Ground switch (similar) required for pre or post T/O.

To detect movement of the tail rotor pedals to extreme left and right positions. Ground switch (similar) required for pre or post T/O.

To identify excessive G loading of the rotor disc, both positive and negative. Ground switch (similar) required to determine air/ground. Rad Alt required if height limit required.

To detect high workload and/or turbulence encountered during take-off and landing phases. Lat & Long required for specific landing sites. A specific and complicated algorithm for this event is required. See United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority (UK CAA) Paper 2002/02.

To detect an ‘out of balance’ flight. Airspeed could be used instead of GS.

To identify inappropriate flight characteristics. Airspeed could be used instead of GS.

Flight — General

To detect OEI conditions in flight.

To detect single-engine flight.

To identify engine-related issues.

To identify when flight crews have depressed the pilot event button.

To identify TCAS alerts.

To identify when helicopter have been on training flights.

To identify mishandling of NR. Ground switch (similar), IAS or ground speed required to determine whether helicopter is airborne.

To identify mishandling of NR. Ground switch (similar), IAS or ground speed to determine whether helicopter is airborne.

To identify low-fuel alerts.

To identify when HTAWS alerts have been activated.

To identify when AVAD alerts have been

activated.

To identify use of engine bleed air during periods of high power demand.

Comments

To identify rotors’ running time for billing purposes.

Flight — Approach

To identify unstable approaches.

To identify unstable approaches.

To identify unstable approaches.

To identify unstable approaches.

To identify unstable approaches.

To identify unstable approaches.

To identify unstable approaches.

To identify inaccurately flown instrument landing system (ILS) approaches.

To identify inaccurately flown ILS approaches.

Airspeed could be used instead of GS.

Airspeed could be used instead of GS.

To identify unstable approaches.

To identify unstable approaches.

To identify unstable approaches.

To identify unstable approaches.

To identify missed approaches. Rad Alt for height limit.

To identify high rates of descent when at low level on approach. Rad Alt if below specified height, Lat & Long for specified location required.

Flight — Autopilot

To detect flight without autopilot engaged; per channel for multichannel autopilots.

To identify inadvertent lift-off without autopilot engaged.

To identify inappropriate use of autopilot when on ground. Elapsed time required to allow for permissible short periods.

To identify potential for low NR when helicopter pitches on floating helideck.

To detect early engagement of autopilot higher modes. Ground switch (similar), total Tq and Rad Alt to determine if the flight profile is ‘departure’.

To detect early engagement of autopilot higher modes. IAS, ground switch (similar), total Tq to determine if the flight profile is ‘departure’.

To detect early engagement of autopilot higher modes. Ground switch (similar), total Tq and Rad Alt to determine if the

flight profile is ‘departure’.

To detect early engagement of autopilot higher modes. IAS, ground switch (similar), total Tq to determine if the flight profile is ‘departure’.

To detect engagement of autopilot higher modes below minimum speed limitations. Ground switch (similar), total Tq and Rad Alt to determine if the flight profile is ‘departure’.

To detect engagement of autopilot higher modes below minimum speed limitations.

To detect early engagement of autopilot higher modes. Ground switch (similar), total Tq and Rad Alt to determine if the flight profile is ‘departure’.

To detect engagement of autopilot higher modes below minimum speed limitations.

To detect engagement of autopilot higher modes below minimum speed limitations.

To detect engagement of autopilot higher modes below minimum speed limitations.